Reformer optimization

Considerable attention has been given to the problem of maintaining the conversion of a reactor constant by adapting the temperature level. Butt [1972] has studied this problem for simple and for bifunctional catalysts, such as used in reforming. Optimization techniques have been applied to this problem by Jackson [1967] Chou, Ray, and Aris [1967] and Ogunye and Ray [1970]. 

Le Valant, A., Can, F., Bion, N., Duprez, D., and Epron, E. (2010) Hydrogen production from raw bioethanol steam reforming optimization of catalyst composition with improved stability against various impurities. Int J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 5015-5020. 

The internal reforming of CH4 by CQzin SOFC system was performed over an ESC (electrolyte st rported cell) prepared with Ni based anode catalysts. Figure 5 diows the performance of voltage and power density with current density over various ESC (Ni based anodes I YSZ (LaSr)Mn03) at SOOC when CH4 and CO2 were used as reactants. To improve the contact between single cell and collector, different types of SOFC reactor were used [5]. In the optimized reactor (C), it was found fliat die opai-... 

Accordingly, serious commercially oriented attempts are currently being made to develop special gas-phase micro and mini reactors for reformer technology [91, 247-259], This is a complex task since the reaction step itself, hydrogen formation, covers several individual processes. Additionally, heat exchangers are required to optimize the energy balance and the use of liquid reactants demands micro evaporators [254, 260, 261], Moreover, further systems are required to reduce the CO content to a level that is no longer poisonous for a fuel cell. Overall, three to six micro-reactor components are typically needed to construct a complete, ready-to-use micro-reformer system. 

In a petroleum refinery a large number of different products are produced, and the demand for some of these products is seasonal. For instance, there is not much need for residential fuel oil in the summer. The price of products also varies from day to day. To optimize the company s profit, it is therefore necessary periodically to vary the amount of each product produced. This can be done by changing the amounts of material sent to cracking units and reformers and by changing the conditions in these and other process steps. Some petroleum companies provide a computer with the data on market prices, current inventories, and crude oil compositions. The computer output then specifies the operating conditions that will yield the greatest profit for the company. The computer could then make the changes in these conditions directly, or this could be done manually. 

Most of the work on ethanol reforming to date focused mainly on catalyst development, optimization of reaction operations and thermodynamic analyses. However, detailed kinetic studies, which are very useful to understand the activity at the molecular level and to build a suitable catalytic reactor on an industrial scale for the reforming of ethanol need to be pursued. 

Reforming and Sulfur Removal - A better thermal match exists with existing reforming and sulfur removal processes. However, it should be noted the optimal nominal reformer temperature depends on the composition of the fuel. 

In recent times, efforts have been made to optimize PtRu tolerance through the addition of third and fourth metals, as well as to identify alterative Pt-based catalysts with much greater reformate tolerance, particularly at much higher CO levels. Many of fhe reporfed sfudies are concerned with CO rather than reformate tolerance, and few long-ferm sfabilify measurements have been reported. 

More aggressive reforms are needed if pharma and regulatory agencies are to serve the public optimally. In this chapter we considered how... 

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