Refinery off gas

Coke oven gas Blast furnace gas Natural gas Refinery off gas 500-700 90-120 900-1,300 1,100-2,000... 

Before 1920s, methanol was obtained from wood as a co-product of charcoal production, hence the name wood alcohol. Methanol is currently manufactured worldwide from syngas, which is derived from natural gas, refinery off-gas, coal or petroleum, as ... 

This is an area of associated technology that has also been developed and demonstrated in several recent units. We have installed a number of refinery off gas (ROG) units, the purpose of which is to treat and concentrate the combined C2 and lighter fractions from refinery unsaturated off gas (FCC and delayed cokers). 

In petroleum refineries, off-gas streams from catalytic reforming processes represent the largest source of recoverable hydrogen, exceeding by a wide margin the amount of make up hydrogen produced by steam reforming and partial oxidation. 

Carbide in the 1960s (McBride and McKinley, 1965) to separate hydrogen from refinery off-gas. It utilized 25 pm thick Pd-Ag membrane foils (McBride et al., 1967). 

Carbon dioxide-methane separation Solvent vapor recovery Hydrogen and carbon dioxide recovery from steam-methane reformer off-gas Hydrogen recovery from refinery off-gas Carbon monoxide-hydrogen separation Alcohol dehydration Production of ammonia synthesis gas Normal-isoparaffin separation Ozone enrichment... 

Two problems (a) maximization of hydrogen and export steam flow rate, and (b) maximization of hydrogen and export steam flow rate, and minimization of total heat duty of the reformer. Oh et at. (2001) considered heat flux profile as a decision variable instead of furnace gas temperature in Rajesh et at. (2001). Oh et al. (2002b) optimized an indusUial hydrogen plant based on refinery off-gas. Oh a/.(2001) Oh /. (2002b)... 

Hydrogen plants in refineries typically have to operate on a variety of feedstocks ranging from refinery off-gas to naphtha. Without the prereformer, the tubular reformer should be designed for a steam carbon ratio being safe for the operation on naphtha. With a prereformer, the steam to carbon ratio can be reduced from typically 3.5 to 2.5, and the average heat flux can be increased, thus reducing the size of the tubular reformer. Typically,... 

Process Heaters. The subject process heaters are located in a refinety which is in an ozone non-attainment area. The No. 1 process heater bums refinery off-gas at 52,750 MJ/hr or 50 MMBtu/hr heat input The No. 2 heater fires at 186,735 MJ/hr or 177 MMBtu/hr with refmery off-gas and supplemental natural gas. The use of urea-based SNCR reduced NOx emissions of No. 1 furnace heater from approximately 100 ppm to 30 ppm or 70% (Figure 7). The NOx emissions of No. 2 fiimace heater was reduced fom 90 ppm to 38 ppm or 58% (Figure 8). This... 

Already in 1989, Spillman reported a first comparison of three different separation technologies in H2 recovery from refinery off-gas, by considering polyimide membranes (Table 19.6). This comparison is here provided by the... 

Table 19.6 H2 recovery from refinery off-gas. (The data reported were elaborated from results presented by Spillman )...

However, the H2 recovery and purity obtained with the membrane operation are lower or comparable with those of the other two systems therefore the mass intensity is higher. It must be noticed that the membrane systems considered in these calculations operate at 50 °C. However, at a higher temperature, the membrane permeance increases therefore higher recovery can be expected. Moreover, the results presented for the PSA and cryogenic systems consider the treatment of a refinery off-gas, where the amount of hydrogen in the feed is 50-75% higher than that used in this work (30%). 

Table 14.5 summarizes the data for H2 recovery from refinery off-gas by means of three different separation technologies, as reported by Spillman [80], considering polyimide membranes. A comparison among them is provided by the calculation of the relative three indicators. A lower investment cost than pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or cryogenic separation was estimated for the H2 recovery from refinery off-gas by polymeric membranes. This comparison is from 1989 however, since then polymeric membrane capital prices have dropped. 

Low-temperature processes rely on the different boiling points of the species contained in the treated syngas. These processes are often used to separate hydrogen from hydrocarbons in refinery off-gas streams with H2 content below 50%, but they have been supplanted by PSA in hydrogen purification from steam... 

Let s consider the second flowsheet in Fig. 2-2. where is the distillation/absorption train for processing of refinery off-gases. Refinery off-gas... 

The feed gas for a steam-hydrocarbon reformer can be natural gas, refinery off-gas, or a mixture of the two. The feed gas is desulfurized, mixed with... 

The range of opportunity fuels, depending upon source, is as broad as local opportunities and permitting agencies allow. The sources are based upon the principles of recycle and reuse, rather than disposal the sources are also based upon winning the maximum and complete value from each raw material extracted firom the earth s store of natural resources. Some of these opportunity fuels are quite new. Other opportunity fuels such as petroleum coke, wood waste, blast furnace gas, coke breeze, and refinery off-gas have a long tradition of use. 

The common thread unifying the gaseous opportunity fuels is the relatively high concentration of methane gas. Methane is the desirable component in coal bed gases, if these gases are extracted for use. Methane is also the desirable conq>onent in landfill and wastewater treatment gas, and is a significant component in refinery off-gas. 

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