Reduction reductant

Test Substance Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction... 

R-C-R R-C-R R-C-C-R R-C RaC = CR R.UC-CHRj R-COH RCH3 R-COOH > RCHn Ra-C=0 > R.-CH, R-OH > R-H Cleavage Cleavage Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Reduction Irreversible Irreversible Irreversible Irreversible Irreversible Irreversible Irreversible... 

Birch Reductions reduction of aromatic rings Organic Reactions 1976, 23, 1. Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 6354. Cornprehensice Organic Synthesis 1991, voJ. 8, 107. 

Chemical Reduction. Reduction of galHum by aluminum has been developed in the former Soviet Union. This method is in operation (ca 1994). The Bayer Hquor is contacted using a gallium—aluminum alloy named GaHam, and the galHum is deposited. 

Reduction —, no reduction , reduction of some, but not all members of this class. Moderate reaction overlong time period. 

Reduction. Reduction of haUdes usiag hydrogen—hydrocarbon mixtures is sometimes done ia the presence of a graphite carrier or usiag metals possessing high melting points, ie, the van Arkel gas deposition method (4). If a plasma gun is employed, finely powdered (< 1 //m) carbides are obtained... 

BIRCH hOCKEL - BENKESER Reduction Reduction ol aromatics, unsaturated ketones coniugated dienes by alkali metals in liquid ammonia or amines... 

McFADYEN - STEVENS Ester Reduction Reduction of esters to aldehyde via hydrazides. 

MEERWEIN - PONNOORF VERLEY Reduction Reduction ot carbonyl groups to aicohots by means ot AI(iPiO)3 and isopropanol... 

WOLFF - KISHNER HUANG MINLON Reduction Reduction ol ketones to hydrocarbons by heating with NHaNH2 and aqueous KOH (Wotff-Kishnei) or KOH in ethytene glycol (Huang-Minlon)... 

Phosphate groups can also be removed by dissolving-metal reduction. Reductive removal of vinyl phosphate groups is one method for conversion of a carbonyl compound to an alkene.224 (See Section 5.7.2 for other methods.) The required vinyl phosphate esters are obtained by phosphorylation of the enolate with diethyl phospho-rochloridate or /V A /V -tetramethyldiamidophosphorochloridate.225... 

This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art in homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of C=0 and C=N bonds. Diastereoselec-tive or enantioselective processes are discussed elsewhere. The chapter is divided into sections detailing the hydrogenation of aldehydes, the hydrogenation of ketones, domino-hydroformylation-reduction, reductive amination, domino hydroformylation-reductive amination, and ester, acid and anhydride hydrogenation. 

Reductions Epoxide hydroplase Azo and nitro reduction Carbonyl reductase Disulfide reduction Sulfoxide reduction Quinone reduction Reductive dehalogenation Microsomes, cytosol Gut microflora Cytosol Cytosol Cytosol Cytosol, microsomes Microsomes... 

Asymmetric reduction of ketones or aldehydes to chiral alcohols has received considerable attention. Methods to accomplish this include catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, enzymatic reduction, reductions with biomimetic model systems, and chirally modified metal hydride and alkyl metal reagents. This chapter will be concerned with chiral aluminum-containing reducing re-... 

In all of the cationic systems described above, reduction of the tellurium(IV) derivative to the tellurium(II) derivative brings the tellurium 5p orbital into conjugation with the carbon rr-framework and further delocalizes the positive charge. This drive for conjugation facilitates the reduction. Reduction of neutral tellurium(IV) derivatives such as 44, 45, 79, and 81-83 does not extend conjugation in the same way. As a consequence, reduction of these species is somewhat more cathodic and reduction potentials fall in the range -f 0.11 to — 1.14 V (vs. SCE). °... 

Sodium Reductions, Reductions using sodium are becoming increasingly rare, but they do exist. In case you should find a formula requiring a sodium amalgam, I have given the preparation. 

Reductions. Reduction of carbonyl, azo-, or nitro- compounds, dehalogenation. 

The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction (reduction with aluminum alkoxides). Wilds, A.L., Org. Reactions 2, 178 (1944). 

HOOKE S LAW SPRING KINETIC ISOTOPE EEEECTS REDUCING AGENT (or Reductant) REDUCTION Reducing agents,... 

Another stereoselective synthesis (Scheme 11) is based on sugar aldehyde 35 and intermediate 36 subsequent 1,2-O-isopropylidine deprotection, N,0-debenzylation/olefin reduction/reductive cyclization in a single pot, and O-acetylation result in the formation of bicyclic aza sugar 37 (09TA1217). 

Hematite Magnetite Reduction Reduction-dissolution reprecipitation Reducing gas Alkaline solution with N2H4... 

Life-style measures that are widely agreed to lower blood pressure and that should be considered in all patients in whom they may apply are weight reduction, reduction of excessive alcohol consumption, reduction of high salt intake and increase in physical activity. Particular emphasis should be placed on cessation of smoking and on healthy eating patterns that contribute to the treatment of associated risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. 

Hydrogenation/Reduction/Reductive Ring Cleavage of the N-0 Bond, 6.2 Hydroxylation of the Ring Carbon-Carbon Double Bond/Oxidation, 6.3 Ozonolysis. 6.4 Epoxidation... 

Hydrogenation/Reduction/Reductive Ring Cleavage of the N-0 Bond... 

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