Reduction number carbon content

The combination of TOC and COD measurements was used to introduce the MOC-concept of the mean oxidation number of carbon (Vogel et al., 2000). This concept may be useful to distinguish between oxidative, reductive and physical processes that are related to the diminution of the organic carbon content during water treatment. The MOC value is defined according to Equation 5-1. 

The test results show that n-paraffin (1) linearly raises the cetane of unadditized diesel without a top-end limit (2) can linearly raise the cetane of nonresponsive diesel blends (3) is synergistic with traditional cetane improvers (4) has a low sulfur content and (5) increases endproduct volume added (4, 5). When n-alkanes and cetane enhancers were added to a diesel fuel with a cetane number of 32 to raise the cetane number to 43, a 10% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions was achieved. 

With suitable anoxic conditions and abundant organic matter, the pore waters in sediments may be totally depleted of sulfate within a depth of 1 to 2 m. In pore waters of Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, where organic carbon contents reached 5%, Nissenbaum et al. (1972) found essentially total sulfate depletion at depths of less than 0.5 m. This depth corresponds to a time span of hundreds of years. In contrast, some off-shore cores from the JOIDES Deep Sea Drilling Programme show that, in more slowly accumulating sediments, there is negligible sulfate depletion despite apparent continuation of sulfate reduction for millions of years, and to depths of several hundred meters. A number of these extreme, as well as intermediate cases are summarised by Goldhaber and Kaplan (1974). 

Steel is worked up from iron ore, mainly ferric oxides examples of iron ores are magnetite ( Todestone ) Fc304 and hematite FegOa. First, pig iron is made from these raw materials by reduction of the ores in a blast furnace. The pig iron contains a number of impmities, e.g. sulphur, phosphorus and silicon, and it has an unacceptably high carbon content. The contents of these rmdesired components are reduced afterwards by refining and then the raw steel is ready for processing. A modern blast... 

Combustion of alkanes is an example of oxidation-reduction Although It IS possible to calculate oxidation numbers of carbon m organic mole cules It IS more convenient to regard oxidation of an organic substance as an increase m its oxygen content or a decrease m its hydrogen content... 

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