Oxidation number calculation

Can you calculate the oxidation number of carbon solely from the molecular formula of ethanol (C2H60) Explain. How does the oxidation number calculated from the molecular formula compare to the values obtained in Table 2.5 ... 

Usually, the oxidation number calculated by the application of the above rules leads to a whole number, which is in accord with the concept that it reflects the number of electrons transferred. However, in certain anions such as the superoxide, 02, or the azide, N3, one arrives at the... 

Molecule Oxidation Number Calculated Charge Formal Charge... 

It is commonly accepted [11] that the derivative (2.39), in case of the potential of metal/metal ions pair, is equal to the average oxidation number of metal ions in the electrolyte. Equation (2.40) shows that, if the potentials are measured at stationary but non-equilibrium condition, the oxidation number calculated in such way would be overstated. Also, it is easy to show that if the contribution from the reactions with the supporting electrolyte is essential and Eq. (2.37) is true, the method of calculation of average oxidation number would give even larger values. 

Donor strengths, taken from ref. 207b, based upon the solvent effect on the symmetric stretching frequency of the soft Lewis acid HgBr2. Gutmann s donor number taken from ref 207b, based upon AHr for the process of coordination of an isolated solvent molecule to the moderately hard SbCL molecule in dichioroethane. ° Bulk donor number calculated as described in ref 209 from the solvent effect on the adsorption spectrum of VO(acac)2. Taken from ref 58, based on the NMR chemical shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the respective pure solvent. Taken from ref 61, based on the solvatochromic shift of a pyridinium-A-phenoxide betaine dye. 

Can you calculate the oxidation number of carbon solely from... 

Combustion of alkanes is an example of oxidation-reduction Although It IS possible to calculate oxidation numbers of carbon m organic mole cules It IS more convenient to regard oxidation of an organic substance as an increase m its oxygen content or a decrease m its hydrogen content... 

Notice that this generalization follows naturally from the method of calculating oxidation numbers outlined in Table 2.5. In a C—C bond one electron is assigned to one carbon, the second electron to the other. In a bond between carbon and some other element, none of the electrons in that bond ar e assigned to car bon when the element is more electronegative than carbon both are assigned to carbon when the element is less electronegative than carbon. 

H+], calculation of, 192, see also Hydrogen ion Haber, Fritz, 151 Haber process, 140, 150 Hafnium, oxidation number, 414 Haldane, J. B. S., 436 Half-cell potentials effect of concentration, 213 measuring, 210 standard, 210 table of, 211, 452 Half-cell reactions, 201 Half-life, 416 Half-reaction, 201 balancing, 218 potentials, 452 Halides... 

The other procedure which is of value in the calculation of the equivalents of substances is the oxidation number method. This is a development of the view that oxidation and reduction are attended by changes in electronic charge and was originally developed from an examination of the formulae of the initial and final compounds in a reaction. The oxidation number (this will be abbreviated to O.N.) of an element is a number which, applied to that element in a particular compound, indicates the amount of oxidation or reduction which is required to convert one atom of the element from the free state to that in the compound. If oxidation is necessary to effect the change, the oxidation number is positive, and if reduction is necessary, the oxidation number is negative. 

A half-reaction in which the oxidation number of an element is increased. Examples 2 Mg(s) + 02(g) — 2MgO(s) (2, 3) Mg(s) - Mg2+(s) + 2 e. oxidation number The effective charge on an atom in a compound, calculated according to a set of rules (see Toolbox K.l). An increase in oxidation number corresponds to oxidation a decrease corresponds to reduction. 

The oxidation number of an element in a compound of uncertain structure may be calculated from a reasonable assignment of oxidation numbers to the other elements in the compound. 

Specimens were placed in a silica reactor that was equipped with two side tubes for XPS and ESR measurements and connected to a circulation apparatus, described elsewhere [25, 26]. The catalysts, dried at 383 K, were characterized as prepared (a.p.), after heating in dry oxygen at 773 K (s.o.), or after reduction with CO. In some experiments, as specified, samples were exposed to NO, NH3, or various mixtures NO-O2-NH3. Electrons per V atom (e/V) were determined from the CO consumed. The average oxidation number of vanadium was calculated as 5 - eA/. 

Log P calculation for quinidine with the atom contribution method according to Ghose and Crippen. R group connected to C X heteroatom = double bond aromatic bond aromatic single bond (e.g. C=N in pyrrole) subscripts give the hybridization state and superscripts the formal oxidization number. For the quinidine structure see Fig. 14.1. 

On trying to assign an oxidation number to the copper atom one finds that the atomic charges, as calculated with the MuUiken definition 183), are remarkably small ... 

In order to assign an oxidation number to the adsorbed species, knowledge of the number of Pt sites occupied by one tin adatom, S, is necessary. This was calculated by different authors. Motoo [97] and Sobkowski [98] reported a value of 2, while Szabo found a value of 2.2 [96]. The method used by Sobkowski has the advantage, for our purposes, of making no assumption on the oxidation state of the adsorbed tin layer. The number of electrons associated with the formation of adsorbed tin, n, can be calculated as follows ... 

Since O is to the right of C in the second period of the periodic table, O is more electronegative, and we assign control of all eight shared electrons to the two O atoms. (It does not really have complete control of the electrons if it did, the compound would be ionic.) Thus, the oxidation number of each atom is calculated as follows ... 

It is too time-consuming to calculate oxidation numbers by drawing electron dot diagrams each... 

With these rules, we can quickly and easily calculate the oxidation numbers of an element most of the time from the formulas of its compounds. 

EXAMPLE 13.4. Calculate the oxidation number of N in NaN, sodium azide. 

Ans. If you calculate the oxidation number assuming that the oxygen atoms are normal oxide ions, you get an answer +7, which is greater than the maximum oxidation number for sulfur. That must mean that one of the pairs of oxygen atoms is a peroxide, and thus the sulfur must be in its highest oxidation number, +6. The ion is peroxydisulfate ... 

The oxidation number, or oxidation state, is the formal charge on an atom calculated on the basis that it is in a wholly ionic compound. Oxidation numbers are assigned according to several rules. 

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