Reduction epoxide, lithium aluminum hydride

The configurations assigned to (8) and (9) were established by comparison with the products resulting from epoxidation of 3-methyl-5a-cholest-2-ene followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to the alcohol (9). The usual /ra 5-diaxial epoxide opening requires that the hydroxyl group, formed by reduction, is axial as shown in (9). 

Epoxides undergo reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to form alcohols (Section 16.12). 

Even the very labile 2-methylene-7,7-dimethylnorbornane epoxide (5) is reduced in this way to the tertiary alcohol (6) in 89% yield. Reduction with lithium aluminum hydride gives chiefly a primary alcohol. 

Epoxidation of an alkene followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the result mg epoxide gives the same alcohol that would be obtained by acid catalyzed hydration (Section 610) of the alkene... 

Another synthesis of the cortisol side chain from a C17-keto-steroid is shown in Figure 20. Treatment of a C3-protected steroid 3,3-ethanedyidimercapto-androst-4-ene-ll,17-dione [112743-82-5] (144) with a tnhaloacetate, 2inc, and a Lewis acid produces (145). Addition of a phenol and potassium carbonate to (145) in refluxing butanone yields the aryl vinyl ether (146). Concomitant reduction of the C20-ester and the Cll-ketone of (146) with lithium aluminum hydride forms (147). Deprotection of the C3-thioketal, followed by treatment of (148) with y /(7-chlotopetben2oic acid, produces epoxide (149). Hydrolysis of (149) under acidic conditions yields cortisol (29) (181). 

Some instances of incomplete debromination of 5,6-dibromo compounds may be due to the presence of 5j5,6a-isomer of wrong stereochemistry for anti-coplanar elimination. The higher temperature afforded by replacing acetone with refluxing cyclohexanone has proved advantageous in some cases. There is evidence that both the zinc and lithium aluminum hydride reductions of vicinal dihalides also proceed faster with diaxial isomers (ref. 266, cf. ref. 215, p. 136, ref. 265). The chromous reduction of vicinal dihalides appears to involve free radical intermediates produced by one electron transfer, and is not stereospecific but favors tra 5-elimination in the case of vic-di-bromides. Chromous ion complexed with ethylene diamine is more reactive than the uncomplexed ion in reduction of -substituted halides and epoxides to olefins. ... 

The azidohydrins obtained by azide ion opening of epoxides, except for those possessing a tertiary hydroxy group, can be readily converted to azido mesylates on treatment with pyridine/methanesulfonyl chloride. Reduction and subsequent aziridine formation results upon reaction with hydrazine/ Raney nickel, lithium aluminum hydride, or sodium borohydride/cobalt(II)... 

Reductive Opening of a 17a,20-Epoxide 17a,20-Oxidopregn-4-en-3-one (0.7 g) in 90 ml of dioxane (previously distilled over sodium) is added gradually to a solution of 1 g of lithium aluminum hydride in 50 ml of dry ether. 

The preparation of Pans-1,2-cyclohexanediol by oxidation of cyclohexene with peroxyformic acid and subsequent hydrolysis of the diol monoformate has been described, and other methods for the preparation of both cis- and trans-l,2-cyclohexanediols were cited. Subsequently the trans diol has been prepared by oxidation of cyclohexene with various peroxy acids, with hydrogen peroxide and selenium dioxide, and with iodine and silver acetate by the Prevost reaction. Alternative methods for preparing the trans isomer are hydroboration of various enol derivatives of cyclohexanone and reduction of Pans-2-cyclohexen-l-ol epoxide with lithium aluminum hydride. cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol has been prepared by cis hydroxylation of cyclohexene with various reagents or catalysts derived from osmium tetroxide, by solvolysis of Pans-2-halocyclohexanol esters in a manner similar to the Woodward-Prevost reaction, by reduction of cis-2-cyclohexen-l-ol epoxide with lithium aluminum hydride, and by oxymercuration of 2-cyclohexen-l-ol with mercury(II) trifluoro-acetate in the presence of ehloral and subsequent reduction. ... 

The stereochemistry of the first step was ascertained by an X-ray analysis [8] of an isolated oxazaphospholidine 3 (R = Ph). The overall sequence from oxi-rane to aziridine takes place with an excellent retention of chiral integrity. As the stereochemistry of the oxirane esters is determined by the chiral inductor during the Sharpless epoxidation, both enantiomers of aziridine esters can be readily obtained by choosing the desired antipodal tartrate inductor during the epoxidation reaction. It is relevant to note that the required starting allylic alcohols are conveniently prepared by chain elongation of propargyl alcohol as a C3 synthon followed by an appropriate reduction of the triple bond, e. g., with lithium aluminum hydride [6b]. 

Reductive opening of the oxirane ring of 193 with lithium aluminum hydride, and acetylation, provided compound 194. Epoxidation of 194 with mCPB A gave the epoxide 195. Opening of the oxirane ring with acetate ions, followed by acetylation, gave the tetraacetate 196, or, by exhaustive acetylation with acetic anhydride-DMAP, the pentaacetate 189. Compounds 196 and 189 were readily transformed into 190 by hydrolysis. " ... 

The importance of reactions with complex, metal hydrides in carbohydrate chemistry is well documented by a vast number of publications that deal mainly with reduction of carbonyl groups, N- and O-acyl functions, lactones, azides, and epoxides, as well as with reactions of sulfonic esters. With rare exceptions, lithium aluminum hydride and lithium, sodium, or potassium borohydride are the... 

TT-ALLYLNICKEL HALIDES METHALLYLBENZENE, 52, 115 Rearrangement of epoxides to allylic alcohols, 53, 17 Reduction, by controlled-po-tential electrolysis, 52, 22 by lithium aluminum hydride of exo-3,4-dichlorobicyclo [3.2.l]oct-2-ene to 3-chlorobicyclo[3.2.l]oct-2-ene, 51, 61... 

The stoichiometry of lithium aluminum hydride reductions with other compounds such as nitriles, epoxides, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing com-... 

Solutions of low-valence titanium chloride (titanium dichloride) are prepared in situ by reduction of solutions of titanium trichloride in tetrahydrofuran or 1,2-dimethoxyethane with lithium aluminum hydride [204, 205], with lithium or potassium [206], with magnesium [207, 208] or with a zinc-copper couple [209,210]. Such solutions effect hydrogenolysis of halogens [208], deoxygenation of epoxides [204] and reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alkenes [205,... 

Reagents of choice for reduction of epoxides to alcohols are hydrides and complex hydrides. A general rule of regioselectivity is that the nucleophilic complex hydrides such as lithium aluminum hydride approach the oxide from the less hindered side [511, 653], thus giving more substituted alcohols. In contrast, hydrides of electrophilic nature such as alanes (prepared in situ from lithium aluminum hydride and aluminum halides) [653, 654, 655] or boranes, especially in the presence of boron trifluoride, open the ring in the opposite direction and give predominantly less substituted alcohols [656, 657,658]. As far as stereoselectivity is concerned, lithium aluminum hydride yields trans products [511] whereas electrophilic hydrides predominantly cis products... 

Henbest and co-worker 70 -702 used controlled amounts of lithium aluminum hydride -with success in the syntheda of steroid epoxides-Thue, 5j8t60-epoxides (Eq. 208), 90,110-epoxides (Eq. 207), and 110120 epoxide (Eq. 208) were obtainable by reduction of Ca-bromo-rt-os . Qa-bromo-U-uxo, and 12a-bromo-ll-oxo steroid precursors respec-... 

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