Reduction and hydrogenation products

Shatnawi M, Paglia G, Dye J L, Cram K D, Lefenfeld M and Billinge S J L (2007), Structures of alkali metals in silica gel nanopores new materials for chemical reductions and hydrogen production , J Am Chem Soc, 129, 1386. 

Steam is pa ed over hot iron ore which has been previously reduced by a gas such as water gas. The process is intermittent, with alternate cycles of ore reduction and hydrogen production. The crude hydrogen obtained contains some carbon monoxide as an impurity, but this can be removed as described in the water gas process. 

Effective against two important cathodic reactions (oxygen reduction and hydrogen production). 

Some further reductions and hydrogenations leading to ring-opened products are mentioned in Sections VII.B. 1 and VII.B.5. 

Hydrogen bromide, iodide and sulphide are oxidised to the corresponding elements, various reduction and hydrolytic products of the pyrosulphuryl chloride being formed at the same time. Phosphine also causes reduction of pyrosulphuryl chloride with production of sulphide of phosphorus.4... 

To investigate the effect of micropores, we conducted electrolyses using the following catalysts, unmodified ACF, iron and nickel catalysts supported on non-activated carhon fibers (CF/Fe, CF/Ni), iron catalyst supported on activated carhon fibers (ACF/Fe) and two types of nickel catalysts supported on activated carbon fibers (ACF/Ni-1, ACF/Ni-2). Table 1 shows the reduction product distributions for the various catalysts at -1.8V vs. SCE. The ACF catalyst itself has very fittle activity for CO2 reduction, and hydrogen evolution was the principal reaction. The CF/Fe and CF/Ni catalysts showed very little activity as well. 

Secondary enamines derived from 3-ethylaminopyridine and isobutanal have been treated with a series of reducing agents. Whereas LiAlH4 and NaBH had no effect, hydrogenation in the presence of Adams catalyst was effective leading to mixtures of reduction and fragmentation products in ratios which were dependent on the reaction temperature. Loss of methoxy group was also observed, when present in the substrate (Scheme 121). 

Irradiation of primary alkyl bromides or iodides affords typically a mixture of reduction and elimination products. For example, a radical pair produced by photolysis of the halooctanes 469 undergoes in the initial stage either competing diffusion and hydrogen abstraction from the solvent molecules (to give 470) or electron transfer giving rise to elimination product (471) a favoured process in case of alkyl iodides (Scheme 6.229).1336 Formation of the nucleophilic substitution product 472 is not observed, because solvent does not participate in carbocation generation. 

From a detailed examination of the reduction and acetylation products of lycorenine, Kondo and Ikeda (116) suggested that the partial formula (XIX) for the alkaloid he expanded to LXXXI. Their interpretation of the experimental data in terms of this structure was, at times, most tenuous. Particular difficulty was encountered in rationalizing the formation of an 0-heterocychc ring upon hydrogenation of lycorenine, since such a step required preferential hydrogenation of the... 

Expand partnerships and information exchange and facilitate collaborative research and development for beneficial uses of nuclear energy — including evolutionary and innovative technological developments for improved competitiveness, safety, proliferation resistance and waste reduction — particularly for developing countries in the areas of small and medium size reactors and non-electricity applications such as desalination, heat production and hydrogen production. ... 

Any concern that the displacement product originates in an excited state reaction or in competitive photolysis of the S-R bond is mitigated by the observation that reaction of iodosulfides (I) with tri-n-butyltin radicals, via the BusSnH/BusSn chain, also gives the reduction and displacement products (II and III) the distribution of products is a function of the concentration of the hydrogen donor, tri-n-butyl-tin hydride (Table III). ... 

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