Recovered area ratio

Yeh [65] Recovered area ratio Conditioning density Kinematic X X ... 

Figure 10.9. Grading rules must take knots into account, (a) Typical knot area ratios (KAR) and resulting grades (BSI, 1986) (h) Knots are considered to act together and occupy the same cross-section if the grain disturhance around the knot has not recovered before the grain starts to deviate around the next knot (TRADA, 1974).

The total amount of semduramicin sodium recovered from the HPLC was determined by reference to a standard calibration curve that related the peak area ratio of semduramicin sodium to the internal standard. The radioactivity recovered from the HPLC was corrected for the recovery of cold semduramicin sodium. In this procedure the dynamic range of the calibration curve for the nonlabeled semduramicin sodium extended from 1-40 pg/mL, and the dynamic range for tissue fortified with l4C-semdura-... 

A fiber that is strained and allowed to recover releases a portion of the work absorbed during straining. The ratio of the work recovered to the total work absorbed, measured by the respective areas under the stress—strain and stress—recovery curves, is designated as resiUence. 

The general manufacturing scheme for phosphate salts is shown in Figure 11. Condensed phosphates are prepared from the appropriate orthophosphate or mixture of orthophosphates, so the preparation of orthophosphates must be considered first for the manufacture of any phosphate salt. Phosphoric acid is neutralized to form a solution or slurry with a carefully adjusted acid/base ratio according to the desired orthophosphate product. The orthophosphate may be recovered either by crystallization from solution, or the entire solution or slurry may be evaporated to dryness. The dewatering (qv) method is determined by the solubihty properties of the product and by its desired physical properties such as crystal size and shape, bulk density, and surface area. Acid orthophosphate salts may be converted to condensed phosphates by thermal dehydration (calcination). 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

In the case of multiparticle blockage, as the suspension flows through the medium, the capillary walls of the pores are gradually covered by a uniform layer of particles. This particle layer continues to build up due to mechanical impaction, particle interception and physical adsorption of particles. As the process continues, the available flow area of the pores decreases. Denoting as the ratio of accumulated cake on the inside pore walls to the volume of filtrate recovered, and applying the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, the rate of filtration (per unit area of filter medium) at the start of the process is ... 

Boelhouwer s discovery (23) prompted a flurry of activity in this area. Baker applied the Boelhouwer catalyst to the metathesis of w-olefinic esters (88). At an ester/W molar ratio of 20/1 (68°C), symmetrical olefinic diesters were formed in 34-36% yields with concomitant elimination of ethylene. In addition, Baker identified products recovered in 3-8% yield corresponding to addition of HC1 across the terminal double bond. 

Based on experimental results and a model describing the kinetics of the system, it has been found that the temperature has the strongest influence on the performance of the system as it affects both the kinetics of esterification and of pervaporation. The rate of reaction increases with temperature according to Arrhenius law, whereas an increased temperature accelerates the pervaporation process also. Consequently, the water content decreases much faster at a higher temperature. The second important parameter is the initial molar ratio of the reactants involved. It has to be noted, however, that a deviation in the initial molar ratio from the stoichiometric value requires a rather expensive separation step to recover the unreacted component afterwards. The third factor is the ratio of membrane area to reaction volume, at least in the case of a batch reactor. For continuous opera-... 

For every strain, there arises, in an clastic substance, a corresponding stress, which represents ihe tendency of the substance tu recover its normal condition. Stress is expressed in units of force per unit area. Tensile stress, lor example, is the ratio of Ihe force of tension to ihe normal cross section of ihe rod subjected to it. Shearing stress is ihe force lending to push one layer of the material past the adjacent layer, per unit area of the layers. Pressure, expressed in like units, is the stress corresponding to volume compression, etc. 

A prototype treatment system of NC consists of four 40-W fluorescent lamps which are radially equipped with four sheets of P i Ft, photocatalyst (total area of 18 m2) and shower nozzles over the lamps/reactors as well as a reservoir, which are used for washing the photocatalyst sheets periodically. A reaction gas prepared from diesel engine exhaust, containing about 2 ppir of NO is introduced into the reactors at a flow rate of 1.0 m s-1 for 10 hours. As shown in Fig. 8.25, although the NO removal ratio seemed to decline slowly after 6 h, the average NO removal ratio obtained was 77.7%. About 80% of NO was recovered as nitrate and nitrite ions by the catalysts using the shower systerr. 

In order to minimise air separation from the venturi walls the unit was designed with a 3.3 1 area expansion ratio with a 6° included angle on the divergent side. The implication of this limitation is that a second stage of processing is likely to be necessary to reclaim the smaller rubber fraction lost to the filters in the main venturi separator. The primary rubber crumb product has a particle size range of approximately 6 mm. The testing with the venturi separator effectively produced a main product of -6, +1 mm. The fraction below 1 mm was lost to the filters with the liberated fabric. However, with the fabric teased away from the steel inclusions it is expected that a simple cyclone could be tuned to recover the majority of the 1 mm rubber crumb. 

The field is covered by high-quality 3-D seismic and has been delineated by seven wells (hereafter referred to as wells 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-5, 10-1 and 10-2). A total of 1128m of core have been recovered. Four wells proved to have producible hydrocarbons within the He and Tilje formations. A total of 14 production tests have been performed with typical flow rates of 500-700 S m /day (39-43 API). An extended production test to evaluate intra-reservoir pressure, communication and fluid flow within the Tilje Formation was performed in one of the central area wells (7-2). The Tilje Formation oils are undersaturated with initial solution gas-oil ratios in the order of 220 S mVS... 

The 1-decanol/water distribution coefEcient for the nonionized form of erythromycin A was equal to 122 and was shown to be independent of the pH of the feed and/or the stripping phase. The apparent 1-decanol/water distribution coefEcient, that is, the ratio of the total concentrations of erythromycin in the aqueous phase and 1-decanol, varied strongly with the pH of the aqueous phase and decreased from 122 at pH values above 10.0 to 10 at the pH value of 7.0. When feed phase and the stripping phase compartments are both stirred independently and the stirring rates range from 250 to 1500 rpm, 60-50% of the initial erythromycin amount was recovered in the stripping phase after 10 h [154]. The low fluxes, and thus long treatment periods, were attributed by the authors to low surface to volume ratio of the SLM system used, that is, limited interface area available for the erythromycin transport into the SLM. For practical application, the interfacial area of the SLM available for the transport seems to be one of the main factors to be optimized. 

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