Recoil energy implantation technique

The recoil phenomenon, which is intimately related to hot atom chemistry, was first observed by H. Brooks (1904) in 1904 at the McGill University (O Table 24.1). She noticed severe contamination with radioactivity of Pb and Bi in the ionization chamber she used. In 1905, Rutherford (1951) (Nobel Prize 1908) who supervised her work concluded that the phenomenon observed by her was based on the recoil energy of the residual nucleus introduced by a particle emission on the nuclear disintegration of Po (in other words, implantation in the wall material occurred). Then the technique using nuclear recoil was successfully employed by Hahn (Nobel Prize 1944) and Meitner (1909) for the separation of short-lived T1 (half-life 1.32 min) in 1909. The same technique was absolutely effective to separate a new element Np (Z= 93) from fission fragments with high kinetic energy when uranium (Z= 92) was irradiated with neutrons by Mcmillan (Nobel Prize 1951) and Abelson (1940). 

An example of depth profiling of hydrogen implanted into Si is shown in Eig. 3.64 [3.177]. Measured energy spectra of H recoils are given for impact of 6-MeV C ions. H identification was achieved by the AE-E technique and use of ion-in-... 

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