Reciprocity characteristic

Reciprocity Characteristic. A common test of exactness of a differential expression dL(x, y, dx, dy) is whether the following relationship holds ... 

In contrast to the situation described above for the effects of Ir3 + on the speed, reciprocity characteristics, fog, and developability of image in the silver halides, the addition of Rh3+ simply decreases the sensitivity of the photographic emulsion. A latent image does not form until each rhodium-doped grain has absorbed more than 103-104 actinic photons. 

These two terms are the reciprocal holding times for the two phases in the contactor, and The coefficients of the two driving force terms are the ratios of the product of the mass transfer coefficient and the interfacial area to the volume of the phase. Recalhng that Km has dimensions of, we can see that this group is also an inverse time constant, but now this is a reciprocal characteristic time for mass transfer If we multiply through on both sides by the holding time we obtain ... 

The growing attention to the development of (prospective) teachers knowledge base has been stimulated by two important notions about teaching. First, research on teacher thinking shows that there is a strong relationship between what teachers think and how they teach. This relationship has a reciprocal characteristic teachers knowledge base affects their lesson planning and classroom practice, while, conversely, their... 

In all cases, it is valid that the overall residence time = the total mass (or mean concentration) / total removal flux (Eq. 4.354) at a given time. The removal flux normally splits into dry and wet removal as well as chemical transformation. These flux equations have been shown in previous chapters and we now use the reciprocal characteristic mass transfer coefficients in the sense of specific residence times concerning dry deposition, wet deposition and chemical decomposition ... 

In the days of linear, continuous electronics non-linearity was a major problem. Such compensation techniques as were available were based on diode networks having reciprocal characteristics, but by their nature these were relatively crude. As a result all non-linear primary sensor mechanisms tended to be ignored. Now, linearisation processes such as look-up tables or polynomials are easily realisable with digital electronics. 

The coefficients, L., are characteristic of the phenomenon of thermal diffusion, i.e. the flow of matter caused by a temperature gradient. In liquids, this is called the Soret effect [12]. A reciprocal effect associated with the coefficient L. is called the Dufour effect [12] and describes heat flow caused by concentration gradients. The... 

Of the adjustable parameters in the Eyring viscosity equation, kj is the most important. In Sec. 2.4 we discussed the desirability of having some sort of natural rate compared to which rates of shear could be described as large or small. This natural standard is provided by kj. The parameter kj entered our theory as the factor which described the frequency with which molecules passed from one equilibrium position to another in a flowing liquid. At this point we will find it more convenient to talk in terms of the period of this vibration rather than its frequency. We shall use r to symbolize this period and define it as the reciprocal of kj. In addition, we shall refer to this characteristic period as the relaxation time for the polymer. As its name implies, r measures the time over which the system relieves the applied stress by the relative slippage of the molecules past one another. In summary. 

The performance, therefore, is related to the F/M or sludge age and the degradabiUty, K. As the F/M decreases or the sludge age increases, greater removals are achieved. It should be noted that the sludge age is proportional to the reciprocal of the F/M. The reaction rate coefficient, iC, as related to wastewaters characteristics. 

Ap Frictional pressure drop Pa CO Characteristic frequency or reciprocal time scale of flow 1/s... 

Here the characteristic length, /, the reciprocal real part of the transfer constant according to Eq. (23-12), is analogous to the data in Section 24.4.2 ... 

Hartwick, W Efficiency Characteristics of Reciprocating Compressors, ASME 68-WA /DGP-3, New York, NY American Society of Meciwnical tingineers, 1968. 

If turndown is a consideration, again the reciprocating compressor, with its many unloading options, does meet the challenge. This flexibility is difficult to achieve reliably in the dynamic machine and may require the compressor to operate at an unfavorable point on its characteristic curve. 

The JKR model predicts that the contact radius varies with the reciprocal of the cube root of the Young s modulus. As previously discussed, the 2/3 and — 1/3 power-law dependencies of the zero-load contact radius on particle radius and Young s modulus are characteristics of adhesion theories that assume elastic behavior. 

The major characteristics of high-speed reciprocating compressors are... 

The time scale of a phenomenon whose characteristic quantity has the units seconds is given by the reciprocal of that quantity. In the present context, therefore, we can state that the preequilibrium assumption is valid if the A B reaction is. very fast on the time scale (1/ 2) of the B — C reaction. 

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