Receptors tolerance issues

Opioids are compounds that bind one or more of the many different opioid receptors in the body. Opioids act primarily on the central nervous system. The selectivity of a given opioid for the various opioid receptors determines its characteristic activity. While many opioids are powerful analgesics, opioids often cause physical dependence and have tolerance issues. Sedation and decreased rate of breathing are also side effects associated with opioids. Despite their problems, opioids are generally the drug of choice for treating severe, acute pain. 

The Y -aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABAjJ is a macromolecular complex through which a variety of ligands act. Our understanding of this receptor complex and the mechanism of action of these ligands has expanded rapidly over recent years. This is as a consequence of substantial developments in the fields of molecular biology and immunochemistry and has been fueled by the as yet elusive quest for effective anxiolytics that do not have the problems associated with the benzodiazepines, that is, adverse effects, interaction with alcohol, and the related issues of tolerance, dependency, and problems on withdrawal. 

Setting aside issues of compliance and administration errors, the therapeutic response experienced by each patient may be influenced by variations in pharmacokinetics (rate and extent of absorption, distribution, elimination) and pharmacodynamics (physiologic, pathologic, and genetic factors receptor interactions and tolerance). 

Herman, B.H., Vocci, F., Bridge, P., 1995. The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on opioid tolerance and withdrawal — medication development issues for opiate addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 13, 269-293. 

Flood risk management deals with the analysis and governance of the flood hazards, the flood vulnerability (the resilience of a particular group of risk receptors) and the resulting flood risk. It considers all natural and societal processes related with the flood issues of a coastal cell. Based on such a risk analysis, the tolerability of risk has to be assessed and risk reduction options to be defined. Decision-making, implementation, and control of actions are also parts of flood risk management. 

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