Reaction continuous catalyst regeneration

None of the above properties and characteristics act independently. When one among them is changed with a view to improvement, the others are also modified and not necessarily in the direction of an overall improvement. As a result, industrial catalysts are never ideal. Fortunately, however, the ideal is not altogether indispensable. Certain properties, such as activity and reproducibility, are always necessary, but selectivity, for example, has hardly any meaning in reactions such as ammonia synthesis, and the same holds true for thermal conductivity in an isothermal reaction. Stability is always of interest but becomes less important in processes that include continuous catalyst regeneration. Regenerability must be optimized in this case. 

Description The process consists of a reactor section, continuous catalyst regeneration section (CCR) and product recovery section. Stacked radial flow reactors (1) facilitate catalyst transfer to and from the CCR catalyst regeneration section (2). A charge heater and interheaters (3) are used to achieve optimum conversion and selectivity for the endothermic reaction. 

Description The process consists of a reactor section, continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) section and product-recovery section. Stacked radial-flow reactors (1) facilitate catalyst transfer to and from the CCR catalyst regeneration section (2). A charge heater and interheaters (3) achieve optimum conversion and selectivity for the endothermic reaction. Reactor effluent is separated into liquid and vapor products (4). The liquid product is sent to a stripper column (5) to remove light saturates from the C6 aromatic product. Vapor from the separator is compressed and sent to a gas recovery unit (6). The compressed vapor is then separated into a 95% pure hydrogen coproduct, a fuel-gas stream containing light byproducts and a recycled stream of unconverted LPG. 

Reactions with reversible catalyst deactivation calling for continuous catalyst regeneration... 

This catalyst regeneration operation is performed using published processes, examples of which include the use of a fixed bed switching reactor system in the case of the Z-Forming process(l), and the use of a continuous catalyst regeneration system in the case of the Cyclar process(2). However, catalyst activity gradually decreases due to the repeated reaction and regeneration. Catalyst life, therefore, is considered terminated at the point where its activity falls below the point at which it is able to maintain a pre-set aromatic yield. 

This is a very slow reaction under normal reforming operation. Feed composition, temperature, H2/hydrocarbon ratio, and the pressure strongly influence the rate of coke deposition. Modern catalysts produce less coke and allow operation under more severe conditions, such as those used in the cyclic and in the continuous catalyst regeneration (OCR) reformers. The different reforming technologies are briefly described later. 

Reactions with reversible deactivation requiring continuous catalyst regeneration and high selectivity... 

I 5 Predictive Modeling of the Continuous Catalyst Regeneration (CCR) Reforming Process Table 5.3 Behavior summary key reaction classes (adapted from [6, 7,8]). 

Dehydrogenation of /i-Butane. Dehydrogenation of / -butane [106-97-8] via the Houdry process is carried out under partial vacuum, 35—75 kPa (5—11 psi), at about 535—650°C with a fixed-bed catalyst. The catalyst consists of aluminum oxide and chromium oxide as the principal components. The reaction is endothermic and the cycle life of the catalyst is about 10 minutes because of coke buildup. Several parallel reactors are needed in the plant to allow for continuous operation with catalyst regeneration. Thermodynamics limits the conversion to about 30—40% and the ultimate yield is 60—65 wt % (233). 

A1C13 > stoichiometric amount 1,2-Dichloroethane as solvent Batch reactor Hydrolysis at the end of reaction Destruction of the catalyst Zeolite catalyst No solvent Continuous reactor No water Periodic catalyst Regeneration... 

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