Rayleigh minimum

We notice that as particle size increases the Rayleigh minimum fades smoothly into the overall structure of the surface. Comparison of Figure 12 with Figure 8 suggests that the main effect of polarization is the superposition of the Rayleigh minimum on a regular pattern determined by size and refractive index. 

The resolution or "resolving power" of a light microscope is usually specified as the minimum distance between two lines or points in the imaged object, at which they will be perceived as separated by the observer. The Rayleigh criterion [42] is extensively used in optical microscopy for determining the resolution of light microscopes. It imposes a resolution limit. The criterion is satisfied, when the centre of the Airy disc for the first object occurs at the first minimum of the Airy disc of the second. This minimum distance r can then be calculated by Equation (3). 

U nlike Rayleigh s original example of a collapsing empty cavity, this bubble will reduce to a minimum size, on compression, after which it will expand to Rj and subsequently it will oscillate between the two extremes R and Rf in. Obviously at the two extremes of radii, motion of the bubble wall is zero - i. e. R = 0. To determine these radii it is necessary to integrate Eq. A.25. With Z = (R /R), the integration yields ... 

It will be seen that for each value of n there is a minimum Rayleigh number in the variation with a. It will further be seen that the lowest of these minimum Rayleigh numbers occurs when n - l. This minimum Rayleigh number with n = l is, therefore, the lowest Rayleigh number at which instability could be expected to occur. Now. when n - l, Eq. (10.257) gives ... 

As shown in Table IV, for a given altitude in the troposphere there are significant seasonal and latitudinal fluctuations in the total column of ozone, and these lead to similar fluctuations in the ultraviolet flux. The maximum ozone column and minimum transmitted flux occur in late winter and early spring, while the minimum column and maximum flux occur in the fall. This effect is most pronounced at high latitudes, and much less so near the equator [cf. Junge (128)]. The seasonal and latitudinal variation in Rayleigh and aerosol scattering is much less and is not important to this discussion. 

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