Rayleigh fission

On-Chip Electrospray, Fig. 1 Taylor cone formation at the tip of a 100 pm capillary across which a 3 kV DC voltage is applied. A slcmdca jet issues from the tip of the TaylOT cone as a result of Rayleigh fission, subsequently breaking up to fium aerosol droplets... 

Table 1.2 Experimental observations of Rayleigh fissions of charged droplets. 

On the contrary, it may be argued that the electric field strength locally necessary to evaporate ions from a droplet cannot be attained because of the prior fission of the droplet due to crossing the Rayleigh limit. [23,90]... 

Duft, D. Achtzehn, T. Muller, R. Huber, B.A. Leisner, T. Coulomb Fission. Rayleigh Jets From Levitated Microdroplets. Nature 2003,421,128. 

Richardson et al (1989) performed similar measurements for droplets of sulfuric acid and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in a quadrupole. Sulfuric acid droplets exploded prior to the Rayleigh limit (at 84 20% of the Rayleigh limit), and the DOP droplets fissioned approximately at the Rayleigh limit... 

As a consequence, the droplet breaks up into a stream of smaller droplets, each one continuing to shrink by evaporation until the Rayleigh stability limit is reached again. The process of droplet fission is repeated several times and it is called uneven fission or droplet jet fission [5,6],... 

Equation 13 reduces to the Rayeigh equation (3) when the ratio of the gas-phase diffusivities, , is unity. Since gas-phase diffusivity is inversely proportional to the square root of the reduced mass, in the case of fission product-sodium systems where sodium has the smallest molecular weight, the above diffusivity ratio is less than unity. Therefore, the Rayleigh equation, which was derived on the basis of equilibrium vaporization, in fact represents an upper limit for the fractional fission-... 

Equilibrium Vaporization. The cesium release results presented in this chapter may also be used to demonstrate our earlier conclusion that equilbirium vaporization represents the upper limit for the fractional fission-product release as a function of sodium vaporization. Figure 6 shows three cesium release curves. Curve A was calculated from the Rayleigh Equation in conjunction with the partial molar excess free energy of mixing of infinitely dilute cesium—sodium solutions reported... 

D. Duft, T. Achtzehn, R. Muller, B. A. Huber, and T. Leisner, Coulomb fission. Rayleigh jets from levitated microdroplets, Nature, 421 (2003) 128. 

Tallin, D.C., T.L. Ward, and E. James Davis. Electrified droplet fission and the Rayleigh limit. Langmuir 5(2) (1989) 376-384. 

At this critical radius, the charged droplet becomes unstable. It has been experimentally observed that the droplets undergo an uneven fission [29] when they are close to the Rayleigh limit. 

The evaporation progressively forms smaller and smaller droplets with the eventual release of ions into the vapor phase. The desolvation causes the density of the electric field of the droplets to increase to the point where disintegration occurs. There are two models for the disintegration, Coulombic and jet fissions. When the repulsive Coulombic forces between the like charges on the surface of the droplets exceed the forces attributable to surface tension (the Rayleigh instability Umit), the... 

Evaporation (Rayleigh Limit tor TConvectiven hennal) Couiombic Fission)... 

---