Rare earth element distribution patterns

Rare Earth Element Distribution Patterns to Characterize Soapstone Artifacts... 

All values are on a coal basis. Data are exclusively from the US Geological Survey (USGS) except for estimated values in parenthesis which are based on USGS and literature data. Values in brackets are calculated from cerium and lanthanum data and assuming a chondrite normalized rare-earth-element distribution pattern. (ND — no data SD — standard deviation Max. — maximnm Num. = nnmber of samples). 

Allen RO, Pennell SE (1978) Rare Earth Element Distribution Patterns to Characterize Soapstone Artifacts, in Archaeological Chemistry II, (ed. Carter OF) p. 230, Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society... 

Moskalev, Yu.I., Zalinkin, G. A. and Stephanov, V. S. (1970). Distribution Patterns for Radioactive Rare-Earth Elements, Report No. ANL-Trans-832 (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois). 

As reported by Olmez and Gordon (University of Maryland), the concentration pattern of rare earth elements on fine airborne particles (less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) is distorted from the crustal abundance pattern in areas influenced by emissions from oil-fired plants and refineries. The ratio of lanthanum (La) to samarium (Sm) is often greater than 20 (crustal ratio is less than 6). The unusual pattern apparently results from tlie distribution of rare earths in zeolite catalysts used in refining oil. Oil industry emissions have been found to perturb the rare earth pattern even in very remote locations, such as the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. 

Liang T, Wang LJ, Zhang CS, Ding LQ, Ding SM, Yan X (2003) Contents and their distribution pattern of rare earth elements in water and sediment of intertidalite. J Chin Rare Ear Soc 23(l) 68-74 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

This flourishing experimental activity has created a need to understand the observed phenomena from a theoretical point of view. The observed fingerprint pattern of the f"->f photoelectron process has been well explained by the fractional parentage method (Cox 1975, Beatham et al. 1979, Gerken 1983). Similarly, the intensity distribution for the inverse process, f"->f is also well accounted for by the same method (Lang et al. 1981, chapter 62 by Baer and Schneider in this volume). In the present chapter we will, however, turn most of the attention to the energy position of the 4f level in rare-earth materials. Firstly, we will discuss the pure elements where both the occupied and unoccupied f states will be treated. Secondly, as one of the simplest examples of a chemical shift we... 

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