Rainfall, measurement

The distribution of water vapor in the troposphere is controlled by general climatic conditions rather than by atmospheric photochemistry. On the basis of rainfall measurements, Junge (128) estimated a 10-day average residence time for water vapor. 

The average (geometric) p" for the rainfall, measured with a glass... 

Another problem associated with the initialization of diabatic flow is that the moisture field must also be properly initialized in such a way that the initial precipitation rate calculated from the prediction model agrees with observed. The problem is often compounded by the fact that the precipitation rates on global scale are not easily available through conventional rainfall measurements. However, progress has been made recently in the moisture initialization owing to the advent of satellite observations, such as the TRMM (Section VI), and the development of variational data assimilation described in the next subsection. 

Application II - Precipitation Estimate Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission... 

In the post-war scenario the precipitation patterns changed. The total rainfall measuring mission data has been calibrated over Kuwait to have continuous spatial and temporal precipitation coverage over Kuwait. Precipitation retrievals from remote... 

Fig. 32 Correlation between precipitation estimates obtained from Tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite and rain gauge at Taweel...

The precipitation was estimated through interpretation of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data and scenes where rainfall events are observed over the study area in the year 2003 have been selected. The rainfall rates in millimeters were computed for each month over the basin (Table 3). 

In this case study, we can use data generated at the test site to evaluate the influence of variability in soil moisture content and the predictive relationship used on the estimates of effective diffusion coefficients for trichloroethylene. The effective diffusion coefficient is necessary to predict TCE fluxes that could enter a stmcture due to vapor intrusion. Figure 8.10 presents data showing the observed rainfall measured at the site as well as the moisture contents observed at three locations at a consistent depth ( 0.6 m) beneath the concrete slab under the EPA facility in Athens, GA. 

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