Rainfall mean annual

Pate, F.D., Anson, T.J. (2007). Stable nitrogen isotope values in arid-land kangaroos correlated with mean annual rainfall potential as a palaeoclimatic indicator. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Vol. 18, 317-326. 

Arid areas (0.05 < P/PET < 0.20) mean annual precipitation values up to about 200 mm in winter rainfall areas and 300 mm in summer rainfall areas but more importantly inter-annual variability in the 50-100% range. Pastoralism is possible but without mobility or the use of groundwater resources is highly susceptible to climatic variability. 

Semi-arid areas (0.20 < P/PET < 0.50) highly seasonal rainfall regimes and mean annual values up to about 800 mm in summer rainfall areas and 500 mm in winter regimes. Inter-annual variability is nonetheless high (25-50%) so despite the apparent suitability for grazing of semi-arid grasslands, this and other sedentary agricultural activities are susceptible to seasonal and inter-annual moisture deficiency. 

The mean annual precipitation in the Ebro River basin is of 622 mm (mean from years 1920-2000), but with a high monthly and annual variability. Long periods of low precipitation are usual in winter and the end of autumn, especially in the plain. Higher rainfall occurs in spring and autumn. The rainfall is also irregularly... 

Figure 8. The residuals calculated from Figure 7 plotted against mean annual rainfall for each Mojave Desert site.

Martin-Neto, L., Rossel, R., and Sposito, G. (1998). Correlation of spectroscopic indicators of humification with mean annual rainfall along a temperate grassland climosequence. Geoderma 81, 305-311. 

Calcic horizons develop in soils where there is a net moisture deficit, such that carbonate produced in a drier season is not leached away during a wetter season. Most present-day calcretes form in areas with warm to hot climates (mean annual temperature of 16-20°C) and low, seasonal rainfall (100-500mm Goudie, 1983). The upper boundary more likely spans the range 600-1000 mm (Mack and James, 1994). Royer (1999) has pointed out that from a large dataset of 1481 studies, carbonate-bearing soils correlate with a mean annual precipitation of <760 mm. Most of the dataset came from western USA and, as Retallack (2000) warns, there is great variability in the rainfall levels associated with the boundary between calcareous and non-calcareous soils in different parts of the world, or even as Birkeland (1999, p. 291) points out, there are marked local variations within the western USA. 

Because of the ready solubility of sodium nitrate, it has been argued that it exists to such an extent in the Atacama as it is drier than any of the other deserts in the world. Sub-tropical subsiding air, the upwelling of cold offshore waters, and the rain-shadow effect of the Andes, create this aridity. The most intense aridity occurs in northern Chile, which receives less than 10 mm of rainfall per annum. Indeed, some stations, such as Calama, receive on average less than 2 mm. The climate station at Quillagua (mean annual rainfall 0.05 mm) can lay claim to be the driest place on Earth (Middleton, 2001). 

Location Mean Annual Temperature (°C) Annual Rainfall (mm) Texture OM (%)... 

The 6 0 values of precompactional calcite cements (-10.2%o to -4.8%o) (Table 1) indicate precipitation at temperatures of 10-30°C, from meteoric pore waters with 6 0 of -5%o (Fig. 19). The range obtained may reflect either true changes in mean annual air temperature or variations in 6 0 of pore waters due to fluctuations in dry and wet periods (see Cerling, 1984). Heavy rainfall, for examplfe, may have lower S 0 values than mean annual rainfall (Vogel Van Urk, 1975). 

Chemical Composition of Stream Water. Streams in the Mattole River basin contain relatively low concentrations of dissolved salts, as might be expected because of the high rainfall. Representative analyses of the river water are presented in Table II. Calcium, magnesium, and sodium are the major cations, and bicarbonate and sulfate are the major anions. Mean discharge for a 20-year period (1912-13, 1951-68) was 1331 ft3 sec 1 (37.69 m3 sec 1) and mean annual discharge was 1.189 X 109m3 (37). 

Nole. Patch- (grass and various woody communities) and soil-specific SR rates measured monthly over an annual cycle at La Copita (McCulley, 1998) were multiplied by the area of respective commrmity types (Scanhui a]id Archer, 1991). Effects of mean annual temperature change (MAT, "C) on SR were estimated from (A) equations in Raich and Schlesinger (1992) for La Copita (MAT - 22.4°C and MAP - 720 mm) a. 0 and 6°C increase in MAT would produce a 3.9 and 7.8% increase, respectively, in soil respiration and (B) Q,o values of in sitti, community-specific soil respiration from McCulley (1998). Estimates are probably conservative, as respiration rates used in computations w ere measured during a below-normal rainfall year. 

South Africa is not well endowed with areas of high agricultural potential. With a mean annual rainfall of 497 mm it is a semi-arid region with regular drought problems. There are three main rainfall areas the winter rainfall area in the Western Cape an all year round rainfall area along the Southern Cape coast and a summer rainfall area that covers the remainder of the country. 

The pultruded GFRP profiles consisted of E-glass fibers embedded in an isophthalic polyester resin. The environmental exposition of the GFRP profiles corresponds to a typical alpine cHmate. The mean annual temperature is approximately 4°C with maximum values of approximately 25 °C in the summer and a minimum of—20° C in winter. The aruiual hours of sunshine are approximately 1700 and the average annual rainfall is 1000 mm. The alpine location exposes the white colored bridge to high UV radiation. A layer of dense snow normally covers the walkway [14]. 

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