Rain, linear relationship

The linear relationship of the isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen with a slope of 8 in rain and snow was discovered by Craig [74] to be... 

The calculation of Time of Wetness established in ISO 9223 should be revised based on new results obtained in outdoor and indoor conditions in tropical humid marine climate. Some proposals are made to improve the estimation of TOW, taking into account changes in its nature depending on outdoor or indoor exposure, linear relationship between time and TOW, the effect of rain, and the role of contaminants and air temperature. 

If the definition of TOW established by ISO is used (TOW-ISO), a linear relationship between time and TOW is obtained, in spite of the different possible changes in corrosion rate caused by changes in the nature of TOW. It has to be remarked that it is not the same effect on corrosion rate caused by a heavy rain than dew, fog or water adsorption, so for the same interval of relative humidity (80-100%), notable changes in nature of TOW-ISO and consequently in corrosion rate could take place. 

Using the regression equation we could predict that, in an area with zero rainfall, nuts would contain 10.6 + 6.73 x 0 = 10.6 pg/100 g. However, this is clearly nonsense. In an arid desert... no trees... no nuts... no toxin. .. no nothing. We have direct evidence of a reasonably linear relationship between toxin and rainfall over an observed range of 0.51 — 2.28 cm of rain per week. It is therefore reasonably safe to... 

Corrosion Film Chemistry. A linear relationship exists between the mass of corrosion product formed on carbon steel, Cor-Ten A, zinc, galvanized steel, and copper and the mass of metal in the corrosion film. This relationship is independent of site and the wide variation in environmental parameters between the sites in short-term exposures of 1 and 3 months. The ratio of the two masses is relatively sensitive to the composition of the corrosion film. The independence of this ratio from substantial variations in air quality, meteorology, and rain chemistry is interpreted as indicating, at least for the major constituents, that the composition of the corrosion film is independent of the environment in short-term exposures. 

In dry deposition, SO2 increasingly predominates over NO2 as the major dry acid pollutant away from the source, although ozone may be a potentially critical pollutant at long distances from the sources. In areas where acid rain is dominant, sulphuric and nitric acids contribute in about a 70/30 ratio to overall acidity of rain (Section 4.4.6). It is probable that there is not a linear relationship between SO2 emissions and 804 deposition as the supply of oxidants/catalysts may be a limiting factor. Opinions differ on the degree of this effect for wet deposition (acid rain)(Section 4.3.2(iii)). 

In presence of SO2 hydroxy-sulfates (basic sulfates) described by the general formula Zn(0H)x(S04)y can form. These products are weakly soluble in neutral environments, but exhibit a high solubility under acid conditions. In a highly polluted atmosphere, the pH of the electrolyte on the zinc surface can drop to sufficiently low values for the hydroxy-sulfates and the hydroxy-carbonates to dissolve. Rain water running off the surface can carry them away and thus accelerate corrosion. Several studies have shown a linear relationship between the rate of zinc corrosion and the SO2 concentration in the atmosphere. 

Figure 11 Relationship between the rain of opal and the burial flux of opal normalized to (sedimentation rate (cm kyr )). The figure is taken from Sayles et al. (2001, figure 14(b)). The rain of opal is measured either with sediment traps (direct) or estimated from the Si02 reminerahzation flux plus opal burial flux, as indicated below. The linear regressions shown use different data sets as indicated. Where the data are designated A, they are from Sayles et al. (2001). (D/L rain—Dymond and Lyle (1994) R rain—Rabouille et al. (1997) A rain—uses benthic Si02 remineralization and °Th-normalized sedimentation rates and opal burial rates (Sayles et al., 2001.) A trap(l k) uses particle flux measured in sediment traps at 1 km depth (Honjo et al, 2000) together with °Th-normalized sedimentation rates and opal burial rates. AESOPS —uses Si02 remineralization together with C-derived...

An empirical relationship that relates opal burial/ S (S = linear sedimentation rate cm kyr ) to opal rain was found to correlate fairly well for data from a large number of open ocean studies and environments (Figure 11) (Sayles et al., 2001). The average percent difference between the measured rain rate and rain rate estimated from burial/5 was —25%, an improvement over most relationships but still entailing substantial uncertainty. 

Finally, several equilibrium and kinetic properties of aldehyde-bisulfite adducts were found to be linearly related Taft s a parameter (Betterton et al.t 1988). These compounds, which include a-hydroxymethane sulfonate and other a-hydroxyalkyl sulfonates, may be important reservoirs of S(IV) species inj clouds, fog, and rain. Fairly good relationships were found between equilibrium properties (e.g. acidity constants) and Sir values, but rates constants for) nucleophilic addition of S03 to the aldehydes showed only a crude fit, Similarly, poor results were found in applying a to hydrolysis reactions of] volatile alkyl chlorides (T. Vogel, University of Michigan, personal communh cation, 1989), and this has been shown to be a general characteristic of reactioni of alkyl halides with nucleophiles (Okamoto et al., 1967). 

In the above example, the relationship itself is the shaping device. In Exotica, a place is the shaping structure. In Milcho Manchevski s Before the Rain, an idea—racial hatred kills love—is the shaping idea. Shaping devices become a means to create a structure. The shaping device, however, is not linear—ergo the unpredictability of the experimental narrative. 

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