Raffinose utilization

C Rosenow, M Maniar, J Trias. Regulation of the alpha-galactosidase activity in Streptococcus pneumoniae characterization of the raffinose utilization system. Genome Res 9 1189-1197, 1999. 

Whereas 60% of yeast species can use sucrose, and 33% can use raffinose, only 12% of the 439 species considered in Table III unequivocally utilize melibiose [0-a-D-galaetopyranosyl-(l->6)-a-D-glu-copyranose]. The best known of these melibiose-using yeasts are the bottom (lager) yeasts, formerly called Saccharomyces carlsber-gensis,184,185 subsequently Saccharomyces uvarum, and now, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.5 (Consequently, at present, Saccharomyces... 

Hydrolysis and Utilization of Raffinose by Cultures of Saccharomyces uvarum of Various Genotypes198... 

Table VI instances eight possible gene combinations affecting the utilization of raffinose. Correspondingly, yeasts of different species utilize different parts of the raffinose molecule199 or none Barnett4 exemplified each kind of utilization for species of Saccharomyces described by van der Walt.92...

The Anaerobic Utilization of Sucrose by 137 Species That Ferment D-Glucose and Use Sucrose Aerobically Association with Utilization of Raffinose"... 

Two yeasts that utilize inulin have been examined, namely, Candida salmanticensis404 andDebaryomyces polymorphus (cantarellii).40S The former released inulinase into the culture medium and, when purified, this enzyme gave the following values of K 17 mM inulin, 43 mM sucrose, and 2 mM raffinose, with an optimum at pH 4 for all three... 

Planteose is an exception to the general behavior of the raffinose oligosaccharides in that it is stable against the action of yeast invertase.22 29 This property, shared also by melezitose,45 is explained by the lack of an unsubstituted /3-D-fructofuranoside group. The resistance to invertase action can be utilized in the preparative separation of planteose from sucrose.29... 

Many drugs and excipients (cephalexin monohydrate, quinidine sulfate dihydrate, ampicillin trihydrate, codeine sulfate trihydrate, morphine sulfate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate trihydrate, raffinose pentahy-drate, lactose monohydrate) utilize water as an integral part of their crystal structure. Solids that form specific crystal hydrates tend to sorb relatively small amounts of water to their external surface below a characteristic relative humidity, when initially dried to an anhydrous... 

Assuming that sucrose and maltose are equally accessible to their hydrolytic enzymes, further analysis confirmed that yeasts unable to utilize raffinose may utilize sucrose by means of a maltosehydrolyzing enzyme. Here, three substrates are treated simultaneously, namely, sucrose, raffinose, and maltose, which is not possible from the information given in Table XVI. Thus, yeasts that are [sucrose +, raffinose +] are divided into those that are maltose + or maltose— yeasts that are [sucrose+, raffinose—] are similarly divided, and so on. Only four yeasts that were [sucrose +, raffinose — ] were reported to be maltose —. 

Among other sugars which are not utilized in the nutrition of the rat are raffinose 49, 63), melibiose 49), mannoheptulose (54), and L-rham-nose 56). 

As described by Vaughan-Martini and Martini (1998a), Saccharomyces appear microscopically as globose or ovoidal cells with multilateral budding and possibly pseudohyphae (Fig. 1.4). The yeast forms one to four ascospores, which are smooth and ellipsoidal. Colonies appear smooth, usually flat, and occasionally raised and opaque. The two primary species found in wines, S. bay anus and S. cerevisiae (anamorph Candida robusta), ferment glucose, sucrose, and raffinose and assimilate glucose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and ethanol but not nitrate. Saccharomyces can not utilize five-carbon sugars (e.g., pentoses). 

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