Radioactivity nuclear equation

Promethium (Z = 61) is essentially nonexistent in nature all of its isotopes are radioactive. Write balanced nuclear equations for the decomposition of... 

Nuclear equation, 513 Nuclear masses, 521t Nuclear radiation. See Radioactivity Nuclear reactions biological effects, 527 equations, 513 fission, 523-526 fusion, 526-527,528 mass-energy relations, 520-523,... 

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive decays (a) p + decay of boron-8 (b) p decay of nickel-63 (c) a decay of gold-185 (d) electron capture by beryllium-7. 

Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following radioactive decays (a) p decay of uranium-233 ... 

Write balanced nuclear equations for the radioactive decay of each of the following nuclides (a) 4Kr, p+ emission ... 

Identify the daughter nuclides in each step of the radioactive decay of uranium-235, if the string of particle emissions is a, p, a, P, ct, a, a, P, a, p, a. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each step. 

Nuclear chemistry nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity chemical applications... 

Gamma emission is the release of high-energy, short-wavelength photons, which are similar to x-rays. The representation of this radiation is y. Gamma emission commonly accompanies most other types of radioactive decay, but we normally do not show it in the balanced nuclear equation since it has neither appreciable mass nor charge. 

Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of potassium-40 by beta emission. Identify the parent and daughter nuclides in the decay. 

Thorium-234 is also radioactive. When it decays, it emits a beta particle. Recall that a beta particle is an electron emitted by a neutron as the neutron transforms to a proton. So with thorium, which has 90 protons, beta emission leaves the nucleus with one fewer neutron and one more proton. The new nucleus has 91 protons and is no longer thorium now it is the element protactinium. Although the atomic number has increased by 1 in this process, the mass number (protons + neutrons) remains the same. The nuclear equation is... 

Write nuclear equations to show the disintegration of the first six radioactive isotopes listed in Table 26-1. 

Note how the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of uranium-238 is written. The equation is not balanced in the usual chemical sense because the kinds of nuclei are not the same on both sides of the arrow. Instead, a nuclear equation is balanced when the sums of the nucleons are the same on both sides of the equation and when the sums of the charges on the nuclei and any elementary particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) are the same on both sides. In the decay of 2 U to give He and 2 oTh, for example, there are 238 nucleons and 92 nuclear charges on both sides of the nuclear equation. 

The nuclear equation of this radioactive decay can be written... 

In some radioactive decays, one proton is transformed into one neutron and a positively charged particle with the same mass as a beta 0") particle (or electron) is produced. Emission of this positively charged particle is known as positron emission. Positrons (antielectrons) are symbolized as P+ or e. The nuclear equation of the formation of a positron particle is i . i . o ... 

Following this theory, the transformation of one element into another one was realized. The nuclear equation of this artificial radioactive reaction is illustrated below ... 

Note that the daughter nucleus has two fewer protons and two fewer neutrons than the parent, resulting in a different element. In this particular case, uranium has decayed to thorium. In radioactive decay equations, the total mass number A on the left side must equal the total mass number on the right. In the example above, Afefttotal = 235, while Anghttotal = 231 + 4 = 235. In addition, the total proton number on the left side of the equation must be equal to total proton number on right side (92 = 90 4- 2). So, in any nuclear reaction, there is conservation of mass number and charge. 

The AP test requires you to know about nuclear equations, half-lives, radioactivity, and chemical applications of nuclear properties. This chapter begins with a brief review of the history of the nucleus and how we came to know about it and then moves into the required topics. 

The fifth type of radioactive emission, gamma radiation, does not result in a change in the properties of the atoms. As a result, they are usually omitted from nuclear equations. Gamma emissions often accompany other alpha or beta reactions—any decay that has an excess of energy that is released. For example, when a positron collides with an electron, two gamma rays are emitted, a phenomenon usually referred to as annihilation radiation. 

A) Identify the type of radioactive decay that oxygen-14 will undergo, and write a balanced nuclear equation for the process. 

Tritium is hydrogen of mass number 3, having two neutrons and a proton in its nucleus. It is radioactive (half-life 12.4 years) in common with many isotopes having a large neutron-to-proton ratio, tritium decays with emission of an electron (called a beta ray). Such a decay can be represented by the nuclear equation (see also Chap. 27) ... 

Note that in equation (10), as in the other nuclear equations listed, atomic numbers and mass numbers are both conserved. This reaction was the first artificial transmutation, carried out (as contrasted to spontaneous transmutations or natural radioactivity in which one nucleus is transformed to another, irrespective of the influence of man). The a particle in equation (10) is the projectile and the nitrogen nucleus the target. 

Types of Radioactive Decay and Balancing Nuclear Equations... 

There are three main types of radioactive decay alpha particle emission, beta particle emission, and the emission of gamma radiation. When an unstable isotope undergoes radioactive decay, it produces one or more different isotopes. We represent radioactive decay using a nuclear equation. Two rules for balancing nuclear equations are given below. 

Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. Its nucleus emits a beta, particle to form a nitrogen-14 nucleus, according to the balanced nuclear equation shown below in Figure 4.19. 

Q mil Alpha or beta particle emission from a radioactive nucleus is often, but not always, accompanied by gamma rays. Why does the presence of gamma rays not affect how a nuclear equation of this type is balanced ... 

Just as we did for natural radioactive reactions we can balance nuclear equations for artificial reactions by making the superscripts on the left and right sides add up to the same quantity, and also the subscripts. 

Apply your knowledge of radioactive decay to write balanced nuclear equations. 

The radioactive decay processes you have just read about are all examples of nuclear reactions. As you probably noticed, nuclear reactions are expressed by balanced nuclear equations just as chemical reactions are expressed by balanced chemical equations. However, in balanced chemical equations, numbers and kinds of atoms are conserved in balanced nuclear equations, mass numbers and atomic numbers are conserved. 

In the first steps of its radioactive decay series, thorium-232 decays to radium-228, which then decays to actinium-228. What are the balanced nuclear equations describing these first two decay steps ... 

---