Radicle

Seeds. Seeds are produced in pods, usually containing three almost spherical-to-oval seeds weighing 0.1—0.2 g. Commercial varieties have a yellow seed coat plus two cotyledons, plumule, and hypocotyl-radicle axis. The cotyledons contain primarily protein and Hpid bodies (see Fig. 1). Cottonseed. 

It appeared to follow from this that the three known forms of hyoscin are respectively Z-tropyl-dZ-oscine, d-tropyl-dZ-oscine and dZ-tropyl-dZ-oscim the optical activity of the first two being conditioned solely by the activit of the tropyl radicle. This subject was discussed by King, who confirme... 

Braun i has shown that alcohols of the type of phenyl-ethyl alcohol, containing an aliphatic and an aromatic radicle, can be prepared by the reduction of nitriles of the general formula X. CN with the corresponding... 

The rose odour is still further modified by the presence of the five carbon acid radicle, and judicious blending of the various geranyl esters is capable of giving numerous characteristic bouquets to the various rose odours. This ester boils at 135° to 138° at 10 mm. pressure. 

Aldehydes are also formed by the action of nascent hydrogen (sodium amalgam) upon the chlorides of acid radicles or their oxides (the acid anhydrides) —... 

The polarimeter is an instrument with which the essential oil chemist cannot possibly dispense. The hypothesis, first seriously enunciated by Le Bel and van t Hoff, that substances which contained an asymmetric carbon atom i.e. a carbon atom directly united to four different atoms or radicles) were capable of rotating the plane of polarisation of a beam of polarised light, has now become a fundamental theory of organic chemistry-. The majority of essential oils contain one or more components containing such a carbon atom, and so possess the power of effecting this rotation. In general, the extent to which a given oil can produce this effect is fairly constant, so that it can be used, within limits, as a criterion of the purity or otherwise of the oil. 

Esters, or salts of alkyl radicles, such as linalyl acetate, etc., are frequently the most important constituents of essential oils. Their importance is especially noteworthy in such cases as lavender , bergamot, peppermint, and wintergreen oils, and their estimation is very frequently necessary. The principle upon which this depends is the fact that most esters are decomposed by solution of caustic alkali (preferably in alcohol) according to the equation—... 

Benedikt and Grussner have proposed the determination of the methyl number in the analysis of essential oils. Whilst this process may have some vaAue in the examination of the constitution of a compound, it is very rarely necessary to use it in the analysis of essential oils. The methyl number (which is a somewhat fallacious term as it includes other Alkyl radicles) is understood as the number of miUigrams of methyl yielded by the gram of the substance when heated with hydriodic acid. From 0 2 to 0 3 gram of the oil is heated with hydriodic acid of specific. gravity 1 7 and the methyl iodide formed collected in a suitable receiver,... 

Biological Assay. Individual compounds, I-XVI, were tested for germination inhibition, and radicle and hypocotyl length alteration. 

Parthenin (19) has at a concentration of 50 ppm no effect on the germination of the bean Phaseolus vulgaris but inhibits the development of radicles and hypocotyls (41). Similar effects were observed by Kanchan for Parthenlum hysteropherus and Eleusine coracana coleoptiles (42) and it was shown that besides parthenin (19), caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid an3 anisic acid were major constituents in P. hysteropherus (43). 

TABLE III. Effect of Ferullc Acid (FA) on Radicle Elongation of Pre-germinated Grain Sorghum... 

Table VI. Time-course Study of the Effects of Chondrillasterol on Germination and Hypocotyl and Radicle Elongation in Mung Beans...

Radicle elongation was quite linear with time (r = 0.98, minimum). Pretreating the seed with DCM reduced early radicle growth, but by 96 h the sterol/DCM treated seed achieved radicle lengths equal to that of the H2O control and 30% more than those of DCM controls. The experiment was terminated at 96 h when space limitations in the petri dishes and near-anaerobic conditions during incubation began to interfere with seedling development. There were no secondary roots visible after 96 h. 

During seed imbibition, germination and radicle elongation, various... 

Camelina sativa I O-leaf wash stim d. radicle elongation in presence of -fix. bacteria 104... 

Bioassay of Extracts. Extracts tested for the presence of cyclohexi-mide were also bioassayed for phytotoxicity. The extracts were redis-sOlved in acetone, and 0.2 mg in 2 pi was applied to 6-cm-dia disks of filter paper. The extract was distributed on the paper with 0.2 ml of methanol. The disks were dried with warm air, placed in 1.5 x 6 cm petri dishes, and moistened with 1.5 ml distilled water. Ten cress seeds were placed on the paper, and after incubation for 3 d at 28 C radicle length of the seedlings was measured. 

Bioassay of solid medium Bioassay of liquid medium Microbial Growth rating Germination Radicle length isolate Cucu Bygr Cress Cucu Bygr Cress Bygr Cress ... 

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