Sarin pyridostigmine

Olson, C.T., Blank, J.A., Kinney, P.H., Singer, A,W. (2000). Neurologic assessment of rats following low doses of sarin, pyridostigmine, chlorpyrifos and DEBT. Toxicology 54 265. 

Abou-Donia, M.B., Dechkovskaia, A.M., Goldstein, L.B., Bullman, S.L., Khan, W.A. (2002). Sensorimotor deficit and cholinergic changes following co-exposure with pyridostigmine bromide (PB) and sarin in rats. Toxicol. Set 66 148-58. 

Abu-Qare, A.W., Abou-Donia, M.B. (2001). Combined exposure to sarin and pyridostigmine bromide increased levels of rat urinary 3-nitrotyrosinee and 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine, biomarkers of oxidative stress. Toxicol. Lett. 123 51-8. 

Committee on Health Effects Associated with Exposures during the Gulf War, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2000). Gulf War and Health Vol. 1. Depleted Uranium, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Sarin, and Vaccines (C.E. Fulco,... 

Tuovinen, K., Kaliste-Korhonen, E., Raushel, F.M., Hanninen, O. (1999). Success of pyridostigmine, physostigmine, eptas-tigmine and phosphotriesterase treatments in acute sarin intoxication. Toxicology 134 169-78. 

Koplovitz, I., Harris, L.W., Anderson, D.R., Lennox, W.J., Stewart, J.R. (1992). Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and VX poisoning in rodents. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 18 192-6. 

Tuovinen, K. (1998). Comparison of pyridostigmine, physostig-mine, heptylphysostigmine and phosphotriesterase treatments in sarin intoxication. In Supplementum Proceedings from the 6th CBW Protection Symposium, Stockholm, May 10-15, 1998, p. 254. 

Fulco CE, Liverman CT, Sox HC (eds.) (2000) Depleted uranium. In Gulf War and Health, Vol. 1, Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, Vaccines, chap. 6, pp. 88-167. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Pyridostigmine pre-treatment increased the antidotal efficacy of oxime-atropine combinations in various studies, especially in soman-poisoned animals (Gordon et al, 1978 Dimhuber et al., 1979 Inns and Leadbeater, 1983 Leadbeater et al., 1985), but some reports indicate that pyridostigmine reduced the antidotal effect in sarin, VX and VR poisoning (Anderson et al, 1992 Koplovitz and Stewart, 1992 Maxwell et al, 1997). 

Figure 2. Duration of loss of posture and performance of a visually guided reaching task in marmosets pretreated with pyridostigmine or physostigmine/hyoscine, and challenged with (a) sarin or (b) soman.

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