2- -pyridone ring system

The pyridone ring system is quite stable chemically. 

Kaneko, C., Fujii, H., and Kato, K., Photochemistry of 6-chloro-2-pyridones the first example for electrocyclic ring opening of the pyridone ring system. Heterocycles, 17, 395—400, 1982. 

One other, perhaps even more dramatic and common example concerns compounds like 2 and 4 hydroxy- and amino-pyridines. These compounds exhibit tautomeric behaviour and tend to exist in solution as the corresponding pyridone and imine. This reduces the familiar pyridine-like properties of the ring system, accentuating the effects of these substituents (in terms of induced chemical shifts) and at the same time, radically increasing the expected couplings 2 -3 couplings. 

The most efficient routes to the cationic oxazolo[3,2- ]pyridine ring system 351 rely on the method of Bradsher and Zinn <1967JHC66> involving the cyclocondensation of iV-phenacyl-2-pyridones 349 obtained by alkylation of readily available 2-pyridones 347 (Scheme 95). This method has been used by Babaev et al. to prepare a series of 6-nitro-oxazolo[3,2- ]pyridines 355 from 5-nitro-2-pyridone 352 in excellent yields <2003MOL460>. Similarly, tricyclic oxazolo[3,2- ]pyridines 359 have been prepared from the corresponding quinolin-2(177)-ones 356 <2003H(60)131>. 

For ring systems that incorporate a pyridine ring, chemistry and reactivity of pyridone derivatives have been incorporated into Sections 10.06.5-10.06.9, wherever appropriate. For crystalline products, which represent most of the derivatives contained within this chapter, the compounds exist as the pyridone tautomer. 

Vinyl isocyanates, readily available from the corresponding a,/3-unsaturated acids by a Curtius procedure, have been by far the systems studied in more detail, mainly by the Rigby group, e.g., in the construction of the pyridone ring (Scheme 53). Thus, heteropolycyclic compounds having 2-pyridone structure 233 were shown to be formed in moderate to... 

The same transformation has also been extended to pyridone-type systems, where the ring closure might also be described as a Heck-type coupling. Padwa reported the conversion of condensed 3-(o-bromoanilino)-... 

In two recent works the phosphorus analogues of pyridones 109-111 (Scheme 58) have been studied computationally [317, 318], 110 is planar, while for 109 and 111 the planar structures are transition states with 11.0 and 19.8 kcal moH above the nonplanar minimum, respectively. The low barriers to inversion indicate that the planar structures have considerable aromaticity, which is shown by the NICS values exhibiting 67%, 51%, and 33% of the benzene value for 109,110, and 111, respectively [317], ELF analysis also indicates a certain aromaticity in these compounds [317], The bonding situation in 109 is similar to the cyclic phosphinocarbene isomer of phosphinine 112 [319] (Scheme 59), which was shown to be planar and aromatic. Stabilization of this carbene can be achieved by incorporating it to an anne-lated ring system 113, and also by the electron donor effect of an ylide formed with an additional o4,l5-P (114) [319],... 

In the group of compounds with a central six-membered ring, many of the reactions of the ring systems are exact parallels of those of bicyclic analogues. For example, the pyridone antibiotic (26) methylates on nitrogen in the same manner as 2-pyridone (Equation (1)) <83TL3643>. 

The most efficient route to the cationic oxazolo[3,2- ]pyridine ring system 69 relies on the cyclocondensation of N-phenacyl-2-pyridones 68 obtained by alkylation of 2-pyridones 67 (Scheme 41) <1967JHC66, CHEC-III(11.10.7.8) 479>. The use of this method is exemplified by the preparation of tricyclic oxazolo[3,2- ]pyridines 71 from the corresponding quinolin-2(l//)-ones 70 (Scheme 42) <2003H131>. 

Bisagni and co-workers (113,116) also explored several synthetic routes to the tricyclic y-carbolines (5//-pyrido[4,3-i>]indole ring system). Unfortunately, the attractive one-step Nenitzescu reaction (114) proceeded in only 6% yield to afford 286 (113). The Fischer indolization sequence was far more efficient (Scheme 46) (113). Thus, condensation of phenylhydrazine with 279 in boiling diphenyl ether gave in one step the desired y-carboline 287 in excellent yield. Chlorination of the pyridone functionality gave chloropyridine 288, which was converted to the target amine-substituted y-carbolines 289—291 by heating with the appropriate amines. 

Yamazaki [51] has reviewed a number of stoichiometric cycloaddition reactions at the cobaltacyclopentadiene ring system that lead to a plethora of heterocycles. For example, five- and six-membered heterocycles containing nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, and phosphorus have been made accessible by this route (eq. (20)) [52]. The co-cyclization of substituted alkynes and isocyanates in the presence of a rhodium metallocycle gives 2-pyridones (eq. (21)) [53]. 

Photocatalysed 2k pins 2k cycloadditions between a pair of tethered d-pyridones can generate spec-tacnlarly complex rings systems easily, as shown. 

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