Pyrazolin-5-ones, 3-hydroxy-, tautomerism

Pyrazblin-5-one, 3-alkyl-(l,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)-reactions, 6, 483 2-Pyrazolin-5-one, 3-amino-tautomerism, 5, 215 2-Pyrazolin-5-one, 4,4-diazido-rearrangement, 5, 720 2-Pyrazolin-5-one, 3-hydroxy-tautomerism, 5, 215 2-Pyrazolin-5-one, 3-methyl-1 -phenyl-reactions, 5, 252... 

Both 3-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxy-2-pyrazolin-5-ones can exist theoretically and quite a number of 4-hydroxy compounds are known. The 3-hydroxy-2-pyrazolin-5-ones are tautomeric with 3,5-pyrazoli-dinediones which probably exist principally as the 3-hydroxy isomers. However, for the purposes of this discussion these compounds will be considered as diones. 

The problem of tautomerism is simpler in the case of 1-substituted pyrazolin-3-ones since only two forms, the OH (140a) and the NH (140b), are possible. The OH form is the more stable and is the only one present in the crystal (Section 4.04.1.3.1). In protic solvents, like water or methanol, the equilibrium position is much more evenly balanced between the OH and NH forms. Finally, 4-hydroxypyrazoles (141) exist as such. A CNDO/2 calculation justifies the result that 4-hydroxy tautomers are relatively more stable than... 

The tautomeric composition in solution of 4-(arylmethyl)isoxazol-5-one derivatives has been determined on the basis of H NMR and infrared (IR) data. The CH form was predominant in chloroform solution, while the NH and OH forms are more common in polar solvents and in the solid state <1996T1443>. 5-Hydroxy- and 5-amino-2-isoxazo-lines show different tautomeric forms in solution. The presence of cyclic hemiacetal or hemiaminal moieties in such molecules allows the easy cleavage of the C-5-0 bond to form linear structures. Subsequent intramolecular addition of nucleophiles to the C=N bond gives rise to cyclic structures. Compounds 20 exist, in the crystalline state, as the isoxazoline form A. In solution, a ring-ring tautomeric equilibrium was observed between the isoxazoline form A and the pyrazoline form C. The tautomeric ratio depended on steric factors and on the solvent used. The tautomeric equilibrium was established after several days (Scheme 2) <2000CHE722>. 

A comprehensive theoretical smdy of some pyrazolones has been presented. The predicted tautomeric equilibrium constants of these compounds were found to be in good agreement with existing experimental data, indicating that the oxo tautomers are present in aqueous solution whereas, in the main, the hydroxy tautomers predominate in the gas phase. It has been shown that, in solution, the most abundant tautomer of both l-(2, 4 -dinitrophenyl)-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one and its 1-phenyl derivative is dependent on the solvent used, while an NMR study of a number of l(2)//-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-fc]pyridin-6-ones has revealed that they all exist as 2//-tautomers both in solution and in the solid state. DFT and ab initio calculations have been carried out to investigate the stability of different tautomers of 2-hydroxy- and 2,3-dihydroxy-pyrazine in the gas phase and in different media. The data obtained indicated that 2-hydroxypyrazine is more stable than its 2-keto tautomer in the gas phase, whereas in solution the stability order is reversed. For 2,3-dihydroxypyrazine it appears that the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded hydroxyoxo and the a-diketo tautomers are the most stable species at all theoretical levels in the gas phase. Both spectroscopic and theoretical studies of the tautomerism of 2,1,3-benzothiadiazinone 2,2-dioxides and other related fused heterocyclic amides have predicted that the keto form (415) is the most abundant tautomer in the gas phase, whereas the NH hydroxy form (416) is the preferred tautomer in solution and in the solid state. 

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