Punic wars

In another study, ToF-SIMS was employed to study Hannibal s actual route over the Alps taken during the invasion of Italy in the Second Punic War, by examining the burnt outcrop from one of the possible passes (the Col du Clapier). ToF-SIMS investigations of a 100 p,m thick burnt crust in the hornblende schist interlaced with veins of quartz-feldspatic minerals yielded various elements, C, Mg, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, P, Al and Fe, and hydrocarbon fragments as combustion products... 

Table I lists the 31 shards used in this study. Their fragmentary state made typological identification difficult and close dating impossible. According to Wolff (10), seven of the shards date to the Byzantine period (4th-7th centuries A.D.), one is Roman (lst-4th centuries A.D.), and the remaining 23 represent Punic, Greek, Graeco-Italic, Corinthian, and unidentified types, ranging in date from the 4th century B.C, to the end of the third Punic War in 146 B.C. As a group, the shards span more than a millennium.

Roman Gold Coins. Gold coin was first struck in the year of the city 546, in the second Punic war, and called Aureus. The... 

The quicksilver mines at Almaden in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, are the richest and most valuable in Europe, normally producing about half the world s supply of the metal. They were worked at the time of the Punic Wars, 600 b.c., and the first actual excavations are believed to have taken place at this time.. They cover an area of some 12 square miles, and as yet but a small proportion has been worked. In 1927 the output was 2,500 tons in 1935 it was 1,227 tons, the output having been restricted in 1930 the present production is not known. Mercury mining is an unhealthy task, and in the early days it was allotted to slaves later it was the duty of convicts, and the Spanish Government at one time granted exemption from military service to men who had been at Almaden for two years. 

Archimedes died in 212 BC. He was killed by a Roman soldier, when a long siege of Syracuse during the second Punic war (214—212 BC) was ended. It is said that the Roman commander, Marco Claudio Marcelo had ordered the soldiers not to kill Archimedes. When the Roman soldier approached Archimedes, he was solving a problem of mathematics and refused to accompany the Roman soldier. At this, the infuriated soldier killed him. Archimedes tomb was constmcted, where a sphere was drawn inside a cylinder as per the will of the Archimedes. In his work entitled On the Sphere and Cylinder , he computed the volumes and areas of the sphere as well as cylinder and considered it as one of his greatest achievements. 

When the Roman Empire took over in the Mediterranean region, the silver deposits in Laurion were insufficient In Cartagena in southern Spain, a big deposit of lead and silver was discovered. These mines were incorporated with Rome about 200 bc in connection with the Punic Wars. 

C. lists in chronological order three wars (against Pyrrhus and the First and Second Punic Wars) of the third and second centuries bce and their heroes. 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus captured Syracuse in 212 BCE, during the Second Punic War Archimedes was killed in the siege. 

Ennius, Epigrams 5-6 Warmington. Scipio Africanus, grandfather of Scipio Aemilianus and conqueror of Hannibal in the Second Punic War. 

Scipio s dream was in 149 bce, 20 years before the dramatic date of the dialogue, at the beginning of the Third Punic War. Masinissa died at the age of 90 or so shortly after the scene narrated here he had switched sides from Carthage to Rome in 206, at an opportune moment in the Second Punic War, and had remained loyal to Rome for the rest of his long life. The visit is probably as fictional as the dream Scipio s only known meeting with Masinissa was more than a year earlier. 

ATILIUS CALATINUS, AULUS (third century). Consul in 258 and 254, dictator in 249, censor in 247 he was one of the military heroes of the First Punic War. 

CAECILIUS METELLUS, LUCIUS (d. 22i). Consul in 251 and 247 he defeated the Carthaginians at Panormus in the First Punic War. He was pontifex maximus from 247 until his death. 

CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS, MARCUS (d. 2o8). Consul five times and one of the great military figures of the middle Republic, he besieged and captured Syracuse in 212 during the Second Punic War. 

COELius ANTIPATER, LUCIUS (late second century). Author of a history of the Second Punic War in seven books. 

CORNELIUS sciPio, GNAEUS and PUBLIUS (third century). The father and uncle of the elder Africanus they were killed fighting in Spain in the Second Punic War in 211. 

CORNELIUS SCIPIO AFRICANUS, PUBLIUS (236-183). Consul in 205 and 194 he defeated Hannibal at Zama in 202 to end the Second Punic War. 

FABius MAXIMUS VERRUCOSUS, QUINTUS (d. 203). One of the heroes of the Second Punic War (consul five times, dictator in 217) he was given the soubriquet Cunctator (Delayer) because of his tactics. 

MANiLius, MANius (second century). As consul in 149 he began the siege of Carthage in the Third Punic War and was Scipio s commander. One of the founders of Roman jurisprudence (and a participant in On the Commonwealth), he may have edited a collection of Numa s laws. 

MASINISSA (. 240-149). King of Numidia he wisely chose to support Rome at the right moment in the Second Punic War and was rewarded with an enlarged kingdom after the defeat of Carthage. He remained loyal to Rome until his death, shortly after the (fictional) visit to him by Scipio Aemilianus in 149 reported in On the Commonwealth. 

NAEVius, GNAEUS (third century). Roman dramatist and epic poet his poem (Bellum Poenicum) on the First Punic War was the first Latin epic on Roman history. Few fragments of his poetry survive. 

POLYBIUS c.200 to after 118). From Mantinea in Arcadia he came to Rome as a hostage in 168 and stayed there to become a friend of Scipio Aemilianus, conversations with whom he records in his Histories, which narrate in Greek the history of Rome from the Second Punic War to his own time. His discussion of constitutional theory (extant) and of early Roman history (very fragmentary) in Book 6 is one of the sources and models for Books i and 2 of On the Commonwealth. 

The cosmetic prosthesis is also known as passive prosthesis is the oldest prototype, with the first making as an artificial hand made from Marcus Sergius in the Punic War (218-201 BC). This device is made by skilled army and emerged as a gauntleted hand, or armored glove (Julio, 2007). Although the representation of human hand is exists, the static device causes the absence in the movement of hand and thereby promotes the uncomfortable feelings of the prosthesis user. 

Homer described the use of poison-tipped arrows during the Trojan War around 1200 bc and the Byzantines used Greek fire, a napalmlike mixture, against enemy navies. In 420 BC, during the Pelopormesian War, the Spartan forces used irritative fumes created by burning sulphur and tars to overrun an Athenian base, and Hannibal used beUadorma plants to induce disorientation in enemy troops during the Punic Wars (around 184 bc). 

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