Pulse, pulses

Ion sampling Continuous Pulsed Pulsed Pulsed Continuous Pulsed Pulsed... 

Mode of operation CW, Pulse CW, Pulse Pulse Pulse... 

The following terms are generally used to describe the pulse action Frequency is the rate of application of the pulse action, cycles/time. Amplitude is the linear distance between extreme positions of the liquid in the column (not of the pulser) produced by pulsing. Pulsed volume = amplitude X frequency X column crosssectional area = volumetric rate of movement of hquid, expressed as volume/time or vol-ume/(time-area). 

W.m (see Ch.l4). To get enough return flux at the minimum laser power, one needs to optimize the laser specifications (continuous wave or pulsed, pulse width, pulse repetition rate, (average) power, spectral profile) taking into both saturation, technological, budget and operation constraints. This is the challenge described in detail in the above mentioned chapter. 

Another important property of the outer membranes of nerve and muscle cells is their susceptibility to excitation under the effect of electric action. Excitation can be brought about, for example, by an external electric current pulse. Pulses can be applied to the membrane with the aid of two microelectrodes, one residing in the extracellular fluid and the other introduced through the membrane into the cytoplasm. 

Soft pulse Pulse designed to bring about irradiation of only a selected region of a spectrum. See Hard pulse. 

In 2000, Gan proposed the previously mentioned STMAS method, which is similar to MQMAS in that it can be performed on a standard MAS probehead, but uses a different coherence pathway [141]. The STMAS protocol, schematically described in Fig. 10, relies on excitation of the SQ ST coherences of order q (with q yk 0 and p = —1), instead of symmetric MQ coherences with q = 0. Note that such excitation inevitably involves the CT, as well. The ST coherences are converted to the CT coherence at t = r/(l + k) using suitable rf-pulse pulse(s). 

The levitated laser dye droplet was optically pumped by a pulsed (pulse length 5 ns, repetition rate 10 Hz), frequency-doubled Nd YAG laser (2 = 532 nm) in free-space optical setup. Droplet light emission was collected by a multimode optical fiber placed at an angle of approximately 50° relative to pump laser beam. Collected light was analyzed in a fixed-grating spectrometer with a resolution of FWHM 0.15 nm. 

Fig. 5. Pulse sequence for MR detection of vibration using a radiofrequency field gradient. A binomial 1331 radiofrequency pulse (pulse length D, interpulse delay r) is applied in-phase with the mechanical wave. Thus the vibration period 7V is equal to 4(D + r). The number of cycles can be increased to ensure a better frequency selectivity. The constant RF field gradient generated by a dedicated RF coil allows space encoding without using conventional static field gradients (from Ref. 16 with permission from Elsevier).

Fig. 5.6. PFT 1 1H NMR spectra of D-ribose, 22.63 MHz. 1 g/2 mL D20, temperature 30 C, accumulation of 2000 pulse interferograms (6 K data points), 90 pulses, pulse interval 6 s, 2500 Hz, the numbers of the signals refer to the numbering of the C atoms. A quantitative evaluation of the spectrum gave 62% of /j-ribopyranosc (P (i), 20.3% of a-ribopyranose (Pa). 11.6% of /1-ribo-furanose (Ffi) and 6.1 % of a-ribofuranose (Fa) [132b],...

Catalyst desorption temperature (°C) Gas pulse Pulsing temperature (°C) Pulse size (IO17 molecules) Thermal desorption products (1017 molecules m 2) ... 

Figure 28. The 300 K time-resolved luminescence spectra of Mn2+ ZnS nanocrystals in polyvinyl butyral (PVB) films, collected at the various delay times indicated following a 248-nm excimer laser pulse (pulse width 40 ns, 2 Hz, excitation density = 5.6 mJ/cm2, detection gate width = 2 ps). [Adapted from (133).]...

The pulses have trapezoid shape or triangular shape with similar rise times of pulses to measure a closed hysteresis loop. The retention is measured by pulses instead of a standard hysteresis loop since the excitation has to be modified to get the unknown initial polarization state, but compare it to a reference value, e.g. polarization with 1 second delay. In principle this could also be measured using the hysteresis measurement as described above, and monitoring the polarization during the prepolarization pulse (pulse no. 1 in Figure 3.6). The... 

Fig. 7.2. Double pulse-shaping experiment by modulating both amplitude and phase at the pulse shaper. Thin line is the target pulse. Thick line is the shaped pulse. Pulses are corrected in two iterations [7]...

Pulse characteristics were provided by electrical conductivity measurements, viz. frequency, holdup in- and outside the pulses, pulse velocity and pulse height. 

Numerous other parameters in this system, such as the pidse shape, time between pulses, pulse frequencies, and pulse powers can be varied to affect the fin L to D ratio [259], resulting in a very versatile approach to asymmetric synthesis. 

In observing broad spectral lines, all the normal considerations12 apply of using short enough pulses (pulse length Tp) to have sufficient bandwidth P(v) to fully excite the lines ... 

SHAPED PULSES, PULSED FIELD GRADIENTS, AND SPIN LOCKS SELECTIVE ID NOE AND ID TOCSY... 

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