Pulse displacement technique

Hess, C. F., Characteristies of a Miniaturized Probe Employing the Pulse Displacement Technique, Part. Part. Syst Charact, 1997, 14, 129-137. 

Galvanostatic pulse plating techniques were used to probe the displacement or corrosion of A1 from Cu-Al by Cu+ in the AlCl3-EtMeImCl plating bath [103],... 

Tj (longitudinal) and T2 (transverse). It is through the modification of the relaxation properties of the fluid inside the solid phase that one can obtain physicochemical information on the porous matrix such as pore size, permeability or surface chemistry. Moreover, diffusion and flow, or more exactly fluid particle displacements, can be measured and visualized by NMR techniques using pulsed gradient techniques. The susceptibility contrast between the fluid and the solid phases, however, is usually very strong in rocks, and consequently a significant linebroadening is observed. Thus, spin-echo methods must be used, and in some cases more specialized solid-state methods are necessary. 

The use of pulsed gradients and fringe field gradients in NMR diffusion measurements has been widely documented in the research literature and is reviewed in other articles of this encyclopedia. Provided certain conditions are fulfilled, such as factorization of the effects of relaxation and diffusion and translational invariance, the pulsed-gradient techniques permit measurement of the average displacement... 

A, Saamanen, l.M. Andersson, R. Niemela, and G. Rosen, Assessment of horizontal displace ment flow with tracer gas pulse technique in reinforced plastic plants, Building and Eninron-ment, 1995,. 30, 135-141. 

In this chapter, we have reviewed the experimental researches on the coherent optical phonons detected by novel nonoptical techniques, as well as on their optical control using shaped pulses. TRXRD can separate atomic displacements from collective motions of charges, while TR-THz and TRPE spectroscopies can visualize the ultrafast development of strong interaction... 

Surface diffusion can be studied with a wide variety of methods using both macroscopic and microscopic techniques of great diversity.98 Basically three methods can be used. One measures the time dependence of the concentration profile of diffusing atoms, one the time correlation of the concentration fluctuations, or the fluctuations of the number of diffusion atoms within a specified area, and one the mean square displacement, or the second moment, of a diffusing atom. When macroscopic techniques are used to study surface diffusion, diffusion parameters are usually derived from the rate of change of the shape of a sharply structured microscopic object, or from the rate of advancement of a sharply defined boundary of an adsorption layer, produced either by using a shadowed deposition method or by fast pulsed-laser thermal desorption of an area covered with an adsorbed species. The derived diffusion parameters really describe the overall effect of many different atomic steps, such as the formation of adatoms from kink sites, ledge sites... 

When pulsed magnetic field gradients are applied to study diffusive processes, the MR technique is often referred to as pulsed field gradient or pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) MR. Application of PGSE MR techniques to quantify molecular diffusion was pioneered by Stejskal and Tanner 17,18), and the techniques typically probe molecular displacements of 10 -10 m over time scales of the order 10 M s. 

---