Protruded electrodes

Based on the discussion above, we can enhance the transmittance by increasing the Uw ratio of an ff S structure. This is because a larger Uw ratio leads to a smaller dead zone area, and meanwhile it increases the electric field penetration depth. However, the major trade-off is increased voltage because of the wider electrode gap. An effective way to overcome this problem is to employ protrusion electrodes, which enable the horizontal electric fields to penetrate more deeply into the bulk LC layer. The detailed performance depends on the protrusion height and the Uw ratio. 

---

The integrity of the seal between the electrode material and the inert, non-conducting supporting mantle and the electrode and mantle surfaces being flush (see Fig. 2). A poor seal or a recessed/protruding electrode results in noisy, non-reproducible voltammograms. 

Insert the mesh, position and align, slipping the mesh over the protruding electrode rods. Two barbecue sticks can be used to help guide the mesh so that it does not catch on the threaded rod before it is correctly positioned. 

One form of calomel electrode is shown in Fig. 15.1(a). It consists of a stoppered glass vessel provided with a bent side tube fitted with a three-way tap which carries a short upper and a long lower tube the latter is drawn out to a constriction at the bottom end. A short platinum wire is fused into the bottom of the vessel so that it protrudes into the interior, and a narrow glass tube sealed to the bottom of the vessel is bent round parallel to the vessel. A little mercury placed in the bottom of this tube provides electrical connection with the interior of the vessel through the sealed-in platinum wire. Mercury and mercury compounds must be handled with care (see Section 16.8). 

The platinum wire P dipping into the mercury may be welded to a copper wire, but it is preferable to use a platinum wire sufficiently long to protrude at the top of the electrode tube. The mercury must be pure and clean in case of doubt, the mercury should be washed with dilute nitric acid and then thoroughly rinsed with distilled water. The electrode is filled with mercury so that the wide portion is half-full it is most important that no mercury is spilled into the titration vessel during the titration. After each titration the electrode is repeatedly washed with distilled water. 

Fig. 12.3 Fabrication of the nanocomposite paper units for battery, (a) Schematic of the battery assembled by using nanocomposite film units. The nanocomposite unit comprises LiPF6 electrolyte and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) embedded inside cellulose paper. A thin extra layer of cellulose covers the top of the MWNT array. Ti/Au thin film deposited on the exposed MWNT acts as a current collector. In the battery, a thin Li electrode film is added onto the nanocomposite, (b) Cross-sectional SEM image of the nanocomposite paper showing MWNT protruding from the cel-lulose-RTIL ([bmlm] [Cl]) thin films (scale bar, 2pm). The schematic displays the partial exposure of MWNT. A supercapacitor is prepared by putting two sheets of nanocomposite paper together at the cellulose exposed side and using the MWNTs on the external surfaces as electrodes, (c) Photographs of the nanocomposite units demonstrating mechanical flexibility. Flat sheet (top), partially rolled (middle), and completely rolled up inside a capillary (bottom) are shown (See Color Plates)...

Given the importance of particle size to rate capabilities in Li+ batteries, preparation of nanostructures of Li+ insertion material for possible use as electrodes in Li+ batteries seemed like an obvious extension of our work on nanomaterials. The fact that these nanostructures can be prepared as high-density ensembles that protrude from a surface like the bristles of a brush (Fig, 2A) seemed particularly useful for this proposed application because the substrate surface could then act as a current collector for the nanostructured battery electrode material. 

The 3-in.-square platinum plates are welded to a heavy platinum wire that protrudes through one of the holes cut in the glass lid. Heavy copper wire (No. 10) is used to connect the electrodes to the source of current. 

Electrolysis of a Copper(II) Chloride Solution. Pour a 5% copper chloride solution into U-tube 3 (Fig. 52). Use carbon bars as electrodes. Fit small pieces of rubber tubes onto carbon electrodes 4 so that the ends of the electrodes protrude by 2 cm. Secure the electrodes with the aid of two stoppers do not close the tube tightly). 

Ignitors should be adjusted so that they do not protrude into the flame. Otherwise, it is a flame electrode, and may have many of the problems mentioned above. 

Use sharp scissors to cut off the ends of the electrode strips that protrude beyond the ends of the gel. 

Electric fields A patterned top electrode generates a laterally inhomogeneous electric field [30], The replication of the electrode pattern is due to two effects. Since the time constant for the amplification of the surface instability scales with the fourth power of the plate spacing (Eq. (1.8)), the film becomes unstable first at locations where the electrode topography protrudes downward towards the polymer film. In a secondary process, the... 

Detector elements 11 are formed on a ceramic substrate 1. Each detector element includes a photosensitive zone 9, an output terminal 4 and a common terminal S. The detector elements are arranged in an array protruding from a common metal line 3, which is connected to a terminal pad 6. The terminal electrodes and the common metal line are formed on a comb-like patterned photo-conductive layer 2. An aperture plate 7 of silicon or ZnS having apertures 8 formed therein by an anisotropic etching method is prepared. The purpose of the aperture plate is to restrict the field of view of the photosensitive zones. An auxiliary electrode 30 is formed on the aperture plate. When the aperture plate is assembled with the substrate using an adhesive, the auxiliary electrode is pressed against the common metal line and the common terminal, which together reduce the electrical resistance. 

---