Prototyping current methods

Poly(p-pheny lene)s, PPPs, constitute the prototype of rigid-rod polymers and are currently being intensively investigated [1]. The key role of PPPs follows from their conceptually simple and appealing molecular structure, from their chemical stability, and from their superior physical properties [2], In turn, this is the result of important advances made in aromatic chemistry over the last few years. The following section gives an overview of the most common methods to generate poly(p-phenylene)s via different synthetic approaches. 

Artemisinin, a tetracyclic 1,2,4-trioxane isolated from Artemisia annua L., is currently recommended as a first-line agent against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Artemisinin and its synthetic derivatives have also been shown to be promising prototypes for the development of new antiproliferative agents. This chapter presents the recent advances on the analytic methods for extraction and quantification of artemisinin from A. annua plants as well as the biological properties of this natural product. 

A perfect prototype of an ideally cation-permselective interface is a cathode upon which the cations of a dissolved salt are reduced. Experimental polarization curves measured on metal electrodes fit the theory very closely. Since in dimensional units the limiting current is proportional to the bulk concentration, the polarization measurements on electrodes may serve for determining the former. This is the essence of the electrochemical analytical method named polarography. (For the theory of polarographical methods see [28]—[30].)... 

Examples of the application of the DM BE method to van der Waals molecules currently include H3,126 HeH2,21-141 NeH2,157 and HeLi2.141-158 Although the ground electronic state of H3 represents the simplest prototype of this class of molecules, its importance in chemical reactivity justifies a separate study in Section V.B.3. Here, we summarize the results obtained for other triatomic van der Waals molecules, examining in more detail the case of HeLi2. 

I) For materials that can be made Into an electrode, or that can be deposited on an electrode, the differential capacitance can sometimes be measured directly. From this, the surface charge follows by Integration. A number of technical problems have to be surmounted, to be discussed In sec. 3.7c. One of these Is that Faradaic currents (currents across the Interface) have to be suppressed or accounted for. Another Intrinsic problem Is whether the surface properties of the electrode are Identical to those of the dispersed particles. For silver Iodide and some oxides the capacitance approach has worked well. It Is recalled that for polarizable, conducting Interfaces, with mercury as the prototype, this Is virtually the sole method. 

The major goal of Quantum Chemistry is to obtain solutions to atomic and molecular Schrodinger equations [1]. To be useful to chemists, such solutions must be obtainable at a tolerable computational cost and must be reasonably accurate, yet devising solution methods which meet both of these requirements has proven remarkably difficult. Indeed, although very many variations have been developed over the years, almost every currently existing method can be traced to a prototype introduced within ten years of Schrodinger s seminal paper. 

The role of resonances was in some sense verified by a study prototype three-body scattering reaction F + H2 — HF(v, J) + H problem[8]. Recent experimental as well as theoretical results indicate that resonances play a very important role in this reaction [9]. We have previously developed methods by which scattering cross sections can be computed from the properties associated with resonant states[19, 28, 29, 30]. Problems like the fluorine hydrogen collision encourage us to come back and combine these methods with our current 3-D finite element method in order to study the influence of intermediate resonant states FH2 (v, J, K) in... 

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