Protoplasmic streaming

Komnick, H., Stockem, W., Wohlfarth-Botterman, K.E. (1973). Cell motility Mechanisms in protoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement. Int. Rev. Cytol. 34, 169-249. 

Kamiya, N. 1959. Protoplasmic streaming. In Heilbrum, L. V. and Weber, F. (Eds.), Protoplasmatologia VIIl/3a. Springer Verlag, Vienna... 

Kamiya, N. 1962. Protoplasmic streaming. In Ruhland, W. (Ed.), Handbuch der Pflanzenphysiologie XVII/2. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 979-1035... 

Procedure. A carbon fiber beveled electrode of about 10 diameter was polished and washed thoroughly with distilled water prior to each experimental run. The electrode was inserted into the vacuole of the Chara cell immersed in APW with the aid of micromanipulator under a binocular microscope. An Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt wire auxiliary electrode were placed in the APW pool as illustrated in Fig. 15. The Chara cell was then left standing for 10-60 min in APW until the protoplasmic stream was restored. The measuring system was positioned inside a Faraday cage to minimize electrical noise pick-up. Differential pulse voltammetry was applied for the measurement. 

Du Buy HG, Olson RA (1940) The relation between respiration, protoplasmic streaming, and auxin transport in the Avena coleoptile. Am J Bot 27 401-414 Edwards KL, Goldsmith MHM (1980) pH-dependent accumulation of indoleacetic acid by corn coleoptile sections. Planta 147 457-466 Eliasson L (1972) Translocation of shoot-applied indolylacetic acid into the roots of Populus tremula. Physiol Plant 27 412-416... 

Surfactants find widespread use as components of herbicidal formulations. In the absence of herbicide many surfactants show an inherent phytotoxicity at high concentrations (around 1 %). Some surfactants at low concentrations stimulate growth. Surfactants have been reported to influence a variety of plant processes, photophosphorylation [234], protoplasmic streaming [235], mitosis [236], elongation of root hairs [237], and permeability of cell walls [238]. 

Pauling (65) expresses the foregoing conclusion in other words. He says that a specific type of molecular structure may be the basis of growth, the mechanism of reproduction of viruses and genes, the action of enzymes, the mechanism of the physiological activity of drugs, hormones, and vitamins, and the structure and action of nerve and brain tissue. To these activities of tissues determined by molecular structure, we may add muscular action (55,75), protoplasmic streaming (51,82), and certain metabolic activities of the cell (71) and the body as a whole (75). 

R. Thaine. The protoplasmic streaming theory of phloem transport. Journal of Experimental Botany, 15 470-484, 1964. 

Fig. 5.8.2. Spectra of light scattered from the protoplasm of Nitella. The horizontal axis is frequency in Hz and the vertical axis is relative intensity. Spectrum (a) was taken at a scattering angle of 19.5 deg. Spectra (b) and (c) were taken at a scattering angle of 36.1 deg. Spectrum (c) was taken from the same point on the cell as spectrum (b), immediately after addition of parachloromercuribenzoate, a streaming inhibitor. (Each of these spectra was collected in about 30 sec. The points are the output of the spectrum analyzer, and the dark lines have been drawn merely to make the data more perspicuous and to emphasize the reproducible features of the data.) Part (d) is a plot of the magnitude of the Doppler shift from a fixed point on a Nitella cell as a function of the sine of the scattering angle 9. The line is the best least-square fit to the points. The predicted linear dependence is verified, and the deviations from the line provide an estimate of the experimental precision. (From Mustacich and Ware, 1974.)...

The biosynthesis of PROTO is another example of the way protoplasm synthesizes complex molecules from small building blocks which are constantly being formed in the main metabolic streams. The bracer techniques... 

Most natural phenomena are rhythmic, and, in those which appear not to be rhythmic, the rhythm may be hidden or disrupted by other forces. The movements of the planets, the seasons of the year, the life cycles of plants and animals, the beat of the heart, the streaming of protoplasm, and the pulsations of a slime mold are all rhythmic. Opposition to the idea of rhythm in natural phenomena should be replaced by skepticism when absence of rhythm is claimed. If natural phenomena which constitute the environment of organisms recur rhythmically, as do heat and cold, rain and drought, short days and long days, cosmic radiation, etc., protoplasm would, in such an environment, inevitably develop rhythms in growth, reproduction, and metabolism, and these would lead to other rhythms as, for example, in movement. Among rhythmic activities is the shuttle flow of the protoplasm of myxomycetes its cause, the pulsation of the plas-modium, is likewise rhythmic. 

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