Proton properties, 2

C06-0039. Calculate the kinetic energy of a proton moving at a speed of 2.32 X 10 m/s (see inside back cover for proton properties). 

Cape JL, Bowman MK, Kramer DM, Computation of the redox and protonation properties of quinones Towards the prediction of tedox cycling natutal products, Phytochemistry 67 1781—1788, 2006. 

The stepwise protonation property of the tetraaminocyclophane 74 leads to a pH-dependent amount of positive charge which affects the membrane potential. Figure 20a shows potential vs. pH curves in the presence and absence of anionic guest 78. In the absence of the guest, the membrane potential increased with... 

Fortunately, the characteristic scales of the strong and electromagnetic interactions are vastly different, and at the large distances which are relevant for the atomic problem the influence of the proton (or nuclear) structure may be taken into account with the help of a few experimentally measurable proton properties. The largest and by far the most important correction to the atomic energy levels connected with the proton structure is induced by its finite size. 

The linkage of chemical processes in thermodynamic cycles arising from the definition of the state functions (the state of a system is independent on the way on which it was reached) is a great virtue that can immediately be exploited by calorimetry. In this sense, making use of the protonation properties is just a special case in the much broader field of competition analysis [25]. In fact, any molecular species that is expelled or taken up by the host as a result of binding, the guest of interest may serve as a probe in calorimetric determinations. Prominent examples include the binding or release of metal cations from proteins (e.g. Ca +, Mg +) which can be linked to their complexation by complexones (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) or similar). 

The atomic theory of matter, which was conjectured on qualitative empirical grounds as early as the sixth century BC, was shown to be consistent with increasing experimental and theoretical developments since the seventeenth century AD, and definitely proven by the quantitative explanation of the Brownian motion by Einstein and Perrin early in the twentieth century [1], It then took no more than a century between the first measurements of the electron properties in 1896 and of the proton properties in 1919 and the explosion of the number of so-called elementary particles - and their antiparticles - observed in modern accelerators to several hundred (most of which are very short lived and some, not even isolated). Today, the standard model assumes all particles to be built from three groups of four basic fermions - some endowed with exotic characteristics - interacting through four basic forces mediated by bosons - usually with zero charge and mass and with integer spin [2],... 

Table 2.1 Some universal constants and electron and proton properties...

The strong protonating property of TfOH is used to generate allyl cations from suitable precursors in low-tenperature ionic Diels-Alder reactions. 3,3-Diethoxypropene and 2-vinyl-l,3-dioxolane add to eyelohexa-1,3-diene in the presence of TfOH to give the corresponding Diels-Alder adducts, the latter in high yield (eq 4). ... 

The strong protonating property of TfOH is used to generate allyl cations from suitable precursors in low-temperature ionic... 

Protonation of azacycloalkanes and -cyclophanes is a process that competes with metal ion coordination and gives rise to the formation of positively charged ammonium species that may function as anion receptors. For this reason, the knowledge of the protonation properties of these ligands is paramount for both metal cation and anion coordination studies, in particular, when the variation of a ligand property with pH is followed to determine the complex species formed in solution and the relevant stability constants (see Binding Constants and Their Measurement, Techniques). 

Protonation properties of azaheterocyclophanes, namely, azacyclophane containing heteroaromatic groups, are consistent with the behaviors displayed by azacycloalkanes and -cyclophanes. Compounds 46-49 are representative examples of these types of ligands. Their protonation constants are collected in Table Unfortunately, only the first three protonation constants were reported for 46. ... 

Yokokawa H, Horita T, Sakai N, Yamaji K, Brito ME, Xiong YP, Kishimoto H (2006) Ceria relation among thermodynamic, electronic hole and proton properties. Solid State Ionics... 

Because of the various specific and nonspecific interactions, ILs have a unique solvation behavior. However, it is difficult to correlate the solvation behavior of ILs with its solvent properties, such as polarity (normalized charge transfer E/) and relative permittivity (e ) [19-21]. Determining pKa PILs values aims to understand the proton properties [3]. Since proton acidity is mainly defined by their solvation, an environment other than water results in different pKa IL values. Adams et al. showed recently that the role of the solvent in the PIL/solvent mixture turns out to be preponderant in the chemical equilibrium. They demonstrated that pKa PIL values depend on the medium and give information about the relative feasibility of the proton to interact with a given solute. Their results concluded that it is possible to predict hydrogen bond strength between the cation and the anion and, ultimately, the type of ionic network they form. This property is the key in the activity of PILs as shown by the Kumar group [3], who noted that the ability of PILs to promote... 

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