Proton-donating polymers

Poly(vinyl Phenol) (PVPh) Used as a Proton-Donating Polymer. . 138... 

Proton-Donating Polymers Containing Aliphatic Hydroxyl. 143... 

Among the proton-donating polymers used to study the complexation in non-aqueous media, poly(vinyl phenol) has been the most extensively used. Pearce s... 

Table 1. Precipitation behavior of blends of proton-donating polyfvinyl phenol) and various proton-donating polymers in different solvents...

Poly(alkyl ltaconate)s Used as Proton-Donating Polymers... 

Poly(monobenzyl itaconate) was used the proton-donating polymer. Poly(monoethyl itaconate) was used as the proton-donating polymer. 

Tsuchida and Abe [2] presented a simple scheme which assumes that the occurrence of complexation depends on the competition of the interaction forces and Egp, where E j denotes the force between a pair of proton-accepting and proton-donating polymers and Egp the forces between solvent and polymer. The net driving force for polymer-polymer complexation is thus written as ... 

Among some of the proton-donating polymers listed in Table 5, i.e. CPS, PS(OH), PS(t-OH) and PS(s-OH), CPS differs from the others by its strong ability of self-hydrogen bonding, as can be inferred from the order of magnitude of the PKa and K2 of their monomers in bulk at 25 °C [161], i.e. ... 

The effect of strong self-association of a proton-donating polymer on its com-plexation with proton-accepting polymers can be interpreted in terms of the competition of E p and the self-association force E j of the proton-donating polymer. Thus, the net driving force for interpolymer complexation is given by ... 

Being a weak proton-donating polymer, PS(t-OH) does not form either a miscible or complex blend with PBMA,but can complex with BVPy of high pyridyl contents. The large difference in proton-donating ability between the tertiary hydroxyl in PS(t-OH) and the carboxyl in CPS can be clearly seen from their im-miscibihty-miscibility-complexation maps, which will be discussed in Sect. 6.2. 

The important conclusion drawn from the above studies on PS(OH)/PMMA in solution and bulk is that complexes formed in dilute solutions can be preserved during the process of film casting. In particular, when we use an inert solvent whose Ejp is close to zero, the critical hydroxyl contents in proton-donating polymers for complexation estimated by viscosity or LLS are comparable to that for the miscibility-to-complex transition in bulk, which can be easily detected by DSC or TEM. Therefore, by combining the results from both solution and bulk, it should be possible to construct a map for a given blend system visualizing how the immiscibihty, miscibihty and complexation of the blend depend on the content of interacting sites. 

B) Hydrogen-bonding complexes proton-accepting proton-donating polymer... 

The formation of complexes containing hydrogen bonds is detected by the same methods as in the case of polyelectrolyte complexes. Moreover, spectroscopic methods such as Infrared, Raman and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance are used as efficient analytical methods. The composition of [proton-donating polymer unit]/[proton-accepting polymer unit] is generally 2/1 to 2/3 in dilute... 

Proton-accepting polymers and proton-donating polymers typically interact with each other in aqueous medium and organic solvents almost stoichiometri-cally. This complex formation is affected by temperature, polymer structure, polymer concentration, solvent and other interaction forces, e.g. hydrophobic interactions. In general, the ratio [proton-accepting polymer units]/[proton-donating polymer units] in mol/1 of the complex is almost unity in dilute solu-... 

Table 15. Heat of mixing of proton-donating polymers and proton-accepting polymers in water and in organic solvents...

Next, in the system of two proton-accepting polymers, e.g. polyacrylamide) (PAAm), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PVPo and PEO, and a proton-donating polymer, e.g. PMAA, selective macromolecular complex formation is realized as shown in Table 24. Thus, under these experimental conditions, the complexation abilities of these proton-accepting polymers with respect to PMAA (mainly due to hydrogen bonds) follows the order... 

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