Proton An elementary particle

Proton An elementary particle with a single positive electrical charge and a mass approximately 1,837 times that of an electron the nucleus of the ordinary, or light hydrogen, atom. Protons are constituents of all... 

Every type of particle has a specific unique value of s, which is called the spin of that particle. The particle may be elementary, such as an electron, or composite but behaving as an elementary particle, such as an atomic nucleus. All He nuclei, for example, have spin 0 all electrons, protons, and neutrons... 

Beta particle (symbol 3) An elementary particle emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay, with a single electrical charge and mass equal to 1/1,837 that of a proton. A negatively charged beta particle is identical to an electron. A positively charged beta particle is called a positron. Beta radiation can cause burns, and beta emitters are... 

Electron An elementary particle with a unit negative electric charge and a mass of 1/1,837 that of a proton. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus of an atom and determine the chemical properties of the atom. 

TRANSMUTATION. The natural or artificial transformation of atoms of one element into atoms of a different element as the result of a nuclear reaction. The reaction may be one in which two nuclei interact, as in the formation of oxygen from nitrogen and helium nuclei (/3-particles), or one in which a nucleus reacts widi an elementary particle such as a neutron or proton. Thus, a sodium atom and a proton form a magnesium atom. Radioactive decay, e.g., of uranium, can be regarded as a type of transmutation. The first transmutation was performed bv the English physicist Rutherford in 1919. 

An atomic property with relevance for the liquefaction of hydrogen molecules is its spin, the quantum analogy to the rotation of an elementary particle about its axis. If the spins of two hydrogen protons are parallel, the molecule is called ortho-hydrogen. 

Neutron - An elementary particle on spin 1/2 and zero charge. The free neutron has a mean lifetime of887 seconds. Neutrons and protons, which are collectively called nucleons, are the constituents of the nucleus. 

The other experiment which I wish to mention is the proof, first furnished by Snell in Oak Ridge, of the instability of the neutron and its decay into a proton and an electron. This was probably the first case in which spontaneous disintegration of what is usually called an elementary particle, i.e., the fact that it disintegrates even if under no influence from other particles, was proved experimentally. This goes far toward proving the complex nature of the concept of elementary particle. Unfortunately, neither Snell nor... 

Protons are ions—hydrogen atom ions. Why then treat protons apart from other ions The reason is that protons are apart in almost all their physical and chemical characteristics. Consisting solely of the hydrogen atom nucleus with no orbiting electrons, the proton is smaller than the other ions by an effective factor of around 10 -fold. It is an elementary particle of Fermi dimension and can be considered to exhibit properties that lie on the borderline between classical physics and quantum mechanics. Such properties lead to protons having interesting chemical and transport properties. 

Hydrogen is one of the most striking elements of the periodic system, its number one, and the lightest of all the existing gases. It is the element whose discovery was indispensable for the solution of many problems of chemical theory. It is an element whose atom, losing its only valence electron, becomes a bare proton. And, therefore, chemistry of hydrogen is, in a way, unique it is the chemistry of an elementary particle. 

The understanding of acidity as due to hydrogen ions (H+) and basicity as due to OH ions emanated from the theory of dissociation into ions in water by the Swedish physical chemist Svante Arrhenius. Later, in 1919, Ernest Rutherford recognized the hydrogen nucleus as an elementary particle and gave the name proton. 

Polyamines are bases and, accordingly, they can be involved in protonation equilibria. In solution, the proton does not exist as an elementary particle. In water, for instance, it forms a covalently bound hydronium ion, H30, ... 

A proton is a very unique ion, so unique that it is in fact not called an ion but an elementary particle in physics. When a hydrogen atom is... 

As in wave mechanics, the simulation of chemical phenomena by number theory is characterized by the appearance of integers, in this case associated with chemical structures and transformations. An obvious conclusion is that the elementary units of matter should be viewed as wave structures rather than point particles, which is consistent with the first appearance of matter in curved space-time. Even 3D wave packets behave in a manner convincingly like ponderable matter and rationalize the equivalence of mass and energy in a natural way. There is no compelling reason why this simple model should be concealed with the notion of wave/particle duality and more so on realizing that the wave-like space-time distortions are strictly 4D structures. In response to environmental pressure, an electronic wave packet can shrink to the effective size of an elementary particle or increase to enfold a proton as a spherical standing wave. 

The positive muon is an elementary particle that in the present context is best regarded as a light proton with a mass one-ninth that of the proton. 

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