Protein mathematical studies

It is important to recognize that establishing a model reference material, such as the protein-embedding model described above, while essential, is just the first step for standardization of IHC. Further studies will be required to develop mathematically conversion factors, and to explore the potential utility and limitations of this approach for different proteins that are of clinical interest, as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive markers, as described above.1012... 

The m/z values of peptide ions are mathematically derived from the sine wave profile by the performance of a fast Fourier transform operation. Thus, the detection of ions by FTICR is distinct from results from other MS approaches because the peptide ions are detected by their oscillation near the detection plate rather than by collision with a detector. Consequently, masses are resolved only by cyclotron frequency and not in space (sector instruments) or time (TOF analyzers). The magnetic field strength measured in Tesla correlates with the performance properties of FTICR. The instruments are very powerful and provide exquisitely high mass accuracy, mass resolution, and sensitivity—desirable properties in the analysis of complex protein mixtures. FTICR instruments are especially compatible with ESI29 but may also be used with MALDI as an ionization source.30 FTICR requires sophisticated expertise. Nevertheless, this technique is increasingly employed successfully in proteomics studies. 

The terms bioinformatics and cheminformatics refer to the use of computational methods in the study of biology and chemistry. Information from DNA or protein sequences, protein structure, and chemical structure is used to build models of biochemical systems or models of the interaction of a biochemical system with a small molecule (e.g., a drug). There are mathematical and statistical methods for analysis, public databases, and literature associated with each of these disciplines. However, there is substantial value in considering the interaction between these areas and in building computational models that integrate data from both sources. In the most... 

Kinetics involving rapid pre-equilibrium steps finds numerous applications both within and beyond the study of enzyme kinetics. Other important examples are the theory of proton-deuterium exchange kinetics of a protein [169] and gene activation involving DNA looping [186], Because of its central importance in biological kinetics, let us provide a more complete mathematical treatment of the problem in a short digression. 

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