Prosthetics and orthotics

Lord, M. and A. Turner-Smith, 1995, Orthopedic prosthetics and orthotics in rehabilitation, in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, J. Bronzino, ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 2055-2070. 

Orthopedic Prosthetics and Orthotics in Rehabihtation Marilyn Lord, Alan Turner-Smith. 68-1... 

Specific examples of current applications have been described. These can only represent a small part of the design effort that is put into prosthetics and orthotics on a continuing basis, making advances in materials and electronics in particular available. 

International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics (address below) currently has a special working group. 

International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), 22-24 Rue du Luxembourg, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium [http //ispoint.org/]. 

The physical designs in prosthetic and orthotic devices have changed substantially over the past decade. One could propose that this is solely the introduction of new materials. The sockets of artificial limbs have always been fashioned to suit the individual patient, historically by carving wood, shaping... 

We are also aware that in the space available, it has not been possible to include a discussion of the very innovative work that is being done in intermediate technology for the third world, for which the International Society of Prosthetics and Orthotics (address below) currently has a special working group. 

One can further differentiate between rehabilitation and assistive technology. Rehabilitation technology is a term most often used to refer to technologies associated with the acute-care rehabilitation process. Therapy evaluation and treatment tools, clinical dysfunction measurement and recording instrumentation, and prosthetic and orthotic apphances are such examples. Assistive technologies are those devices and services that are used in the daily lives of people in the community to enhance their... 

Battery technology, specifically rechargeable battery technology, is vital to portable electronic equipment and is driven by the billions of dollars spent by the laptop computer and cellular phone industries. The field of prosthetics and orthotics (P O) sits on the sidelines and picks up anything that looks like it could be of use. In an electrically powered prosthesis, the main current draw comes from the dc motor(s) used to actuate the device. In a dc motor, the output torque is directly proportional to the amount of current drawn. Motor use in prostheses is not continuous but is intermittent. Consequently, it is important not only to know how much energy a battery can provide but also how fast the battery can provide it. 

Childress, D. S. (1985). Historical aspects of powered limb prosthetics. Clinical Prosthetics and Orthotics, no. 9,pp. 2-13. 

Davies, E. W., Douglas, W. B., and Small, A. D. (1977). A cosmetic functional hand incorporating a silicone mbber cosmetic glove. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, no. 1, pp. 89-93. 

Fraser, C. M. (1998). An evaluation of the use made of cosmetic and functional prostheses by unilateral upper-limb amputees. Journal of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics(ISPO), vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 216-223, Dec. 

Heckathome, C. W., Toth, P. J., Childress, D. S., (1995) The role of the non-dominant hand in manipulative tasks. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO), Melbourne, Australia, ISPO Publications, Copenhagen, Denmark, p. 146. 

McKenzie, D. S. (1970). Functional replacement of the upper-extremity today. In Prosthetic and Orthotic Practice, Murdoch, G., (ed.), Edward Arnold Ltd., London, pp. 363-376. 

Michael, J. W. (1986). Upper-limb powered components and controls current concepts. Clinical Prosthetics and Orthotics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 66-77. 

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