Propionic acid Propylene carbonate

Other possible chemical synthesis routes for lactic acid include base-cataly2ed degradation of sugars oxidation of propylene glycol reaction of acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and water at elevated temperatures and pressures hydrolysis of chloropropionic acid (prepared by chlorination of propionic acid) nitric acid oxidation of propylene etc. None of these routes has led to a technically and economically viable process (6). 

Potassium bisulfite Potassium myristate Potassium propionate Powdered fructose Propan-1-ol (S)-Propylene carbonate Propylparaben potassium Propylparaben sodium Purified bentonite Purified stearic acid Quaternium 18-hectorite Rapeseed oil Refined almond oil Refined olive-pomace oil... 

Carbonylbis 1,3-isobenzofurandione 4,4 -Carbonylbis (phthalic anhydride). See 3,3, 4,4-Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride Carbonyl diamide Carbonyidiamine. See Urea 1,3-Carbonyi dioxypropane. See Propylene carbonate 4,4 -Carbonyidiphtnaiic acid anhydride 4,4 -Carbonyldiphthalk anhydride. See 3,3, 4,4-Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride Carborundeum Carborundum. See Silicon carbide Carbothialdine. See3,5-Dimethyl tetrahydro-2-H,1,3,5-thiadiazone-2-thione Carboxyaniline 2-Carboxyaniline o-Carboxyaniline. SeeAnthranilic acid Carboxybenzene. See Benzoic acid Carboxyethane. See Propionic acid... 

Poly(pyrrole-N-propionic acid) can be prepared in a single step by the hydrolysis of 3-(pyrrol-l-yl)propionitrile (Figure 5.27) [71]. In addition, it could be polymerized electrochemically in propylene carbonate using sodium perchlorate. Bartlett et al. [72] electrochemically synthesized poly(3-(pyrrolyl)-carboxylic acid) (1), poly(3-(pyrrolyl)-butanoic acid) (2) and poly(3-(pyrrolyl)-pentanoic acid) (3) in acetonitrile/LiC104 (Figure 5.28). The redox behavior of poly(3-(pyrrolyl)-carboxylic acid) (1) and poly(3-(pyrrolyl)-butanoic acid) (2) was reported to be pH dependent similar to the results of Pickup [66], and Delabouglise and... 

Isobutane Isobutyric acid Isoamyl acetate Isoamyl alcohol tert-Amy alcohol Acetoacetic acid Vinylidene chloride Vinylidene fluoride Ethylene dichloride Dichloroethylene ortho-Xylcne Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide meta-Xylenc Ethylene carbonate Propylene carbonate para-XylQTiQ Caprolactone Ricinoleic acid Bisphenol A Pentaerythritol Dimethylol propionic acid Neopentane Isobutylene... 

Actual operating capacities of Reppe carbonylation processes are difficult to estimate since only a few data are available in the literature. However, it is known that some of the syntheses are carried out on an industrial scale, e. g. the synthesis of acrylates from acetylene, carbon monoxide and alcohols (BASF) [1004, 1005], the acetic acid synthesis from methanol and carbon monoxide and the synthesis of higher molecular weight saturated carboxylic acids from olefins, carbon monoxide and water. Propionic acid (30,000 tons/year) and to a smaller extent heptadecanoic dicarboxylic acid are manufactured via the carbonylation route at BASF. Butanol is made from propylene in Japan [1003, 1004]. 

Ito et al.40 examined the electrochemical reduction of C02 in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with tetraalkylammonium salts at Pb, In, Zn, and Sn under high C02 pressures. At a Pb electrode, the main product was oxalic acid with additional products such as tartaric, malonic, glycolic, propionic, and n-butyric acids, while at In, Zn, and Sn electrodes, the yields of these products were very low (Table 3), and carbon monoxide was verified to be the main product even at a Pt electrode, CO was mainly produced in nonaqueous solvents such as acetonitrile and DMF.41 Also, the products in propylene carbonate42 were oxalic acid at Pb, CO at Sn and In, and substantial amounts of oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, and CO at Zn, indicating again that the reduction products of C02 depend on the electrode materials used. 

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