Properties of the Atmosphere and Water

The sulfide ISE is sensitive, reliable, and useful especially in analyses of the atmosphere and waters. The nitrate ISE does not exhibit particularly good analytical properties, but it enables very fast and simple ori-entative determinations of nitrate in, e.g., waters, vegetables, and foodstuffs, which is welcome with regard to public hygiene. ISEs for various inorganic anions have somewhat lost their importance in competition with ion chromatography and those for inorganic cations often cannot compete with spectral methods nevertheless, ISEs for copper(II), lead(II), and cadmium(II) ions are sometimes useful for endpoint detection in complexometric titrations. 

Components of the products of biomass and fossil fuel burning responsible for radiation scattering (along with water-soluble organic and inorganic components emitted to the atmosphere as part of smoke and soot compounds) can also function as CCN. This means that emissions of BC and OM participate in the formation of indirect RF due to the impact of CCN on the formation of clouds and their properties. It follows from available estimates that such a contribution can exceed 80% with respect to total indirect RF. The BC impact can also manifest itself by local warming of the atmosphere and a decrease in cloud amount and their water content, which leads to an albedo decrease. 

Table A-2 Boiling and freezing point properties 843 Table A-3 Properties of solid metals 844 846 Table A-4 Properties of solid nonmetals 847 Table A-5 Properties of building materials 848-849 Table A-6 Properties of insulating materials 850 Table A-] Properties of common foods 851-852 Table A-8 Properties of miscellaneous materials 853 TableA-9 Properties of saturated water 854 Table A 10 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 855 Table A-11 Properties of saturated ammonia 856 Table A-12 "Properties of saturated propane 857 Table A-13 Properties of liquids 858 Table A-14 Properties of liquid metals 859 Table A- 5 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 860 TableA-16 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 861-862 Table A-17 Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude 863 Table A-18 Emissivities of surfaces 864-865 Table A-19 Solar radiative properties of materials 866 Figure A-20 The Moody chart for friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes 867...

The purpose of this article is to consider the nature of soils, how soils are contaminated by human activities, how these contaminants are transported and transformed in the soil column, and the types of human activities that could result in human exposure to soil contaminants. Soils are complex systems that exist at the interface among atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. A true soil includes gas, water, mineral, and organic components. Potential human contacts with soil can result in inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake of soil contaminants through both direct and indirect exposure pathways. The magnitude and persistence of exposure depends not only on the level of soil contamination, but also on the physical and chemical properties of soil, the chemical properties of the contaminant, and the frequency and duration of human activities such as occupational and recreational activities or use of home-grown food, which result in direct and indirect soil contacts. Toxicologists should be aware of the complex nature of soils, of the potential of soil contamination, and of types of direct and indirect contacts that human populations have with soil. 

Finally, we have to emphasize that the relationship between the relative humidity and particle growth is of importance for many atmospheric phenomena. Thus, the optical properties of the air and in consequence the atmospheric visibility vary as a function of relative humidity, owing to the variation of the scattering cross section of particles. This relation may be important even from the point of view of heat and radiation balance of the atmosphere, since tropospheric background particles consist mostly of water-soluble sulfate species. 

---