Properties hysteresis

AH three systems give similar tensile strength, elongation, and hardness properties. Hysteresis (heat buildup) measured by tan 5 shows an advantage for conventional and semi-EV systems and unaged fatigue follows the expected pattern. 

Based on the fluorite-type module theory the thermodynamic properties, hysteresis, and reactions between the homologous series can be elucidated and the structures of homologous series experimentally discovered may be modeled. Using these principles a wide range of non-stoichiometric ternary lanthanide higher oxides from RO2 to R2O3 were founded. 

The first area of ferroelectric ceramic application was that of capacitor engineering, where the dielectric effect is exploited. Most ceramic capacitors are, in reality, high-dielectric-constant ferroelectric compositions in which the ferroelectric properties (hysteresis loop) are suppressed with suitable chemical dopants while retaining a high dielectric constant over a broad temperature range. Historically, the first composition used for such capacitors was BaTi03 and its modifications, but today lead-containing relaxors and other compositions are also included. 

Fig. 4 Magnetic properties -hysteresis curves of MRE samples cured under magnetic field of 1,2T applied parallel (11) and perpendicular (L) to the sample...

These results allows us to connect the observed hysteresis to the conformational changes in the NA molecule and consider it not as a macroscopic phenomenon like capillary hysteresis, but as natural property of the NA-water system. Our experimental and numerical results are in agreement with the data of other authors [13], [12], [14]. 

Load-ceU performance is limited by properties such as nonlinearity, hysteresis, and creep, which are inherent to the particular design or spring element material. 

Fig. 2. Basic hysteresis properties for (a) a recording head and for (b) a magnetic medium. See text.

The hysteresis loop, ia general, suppHes information about the magnetic properties such as Af, Af, preferred direction of the magnetisation or... 

Potassium Phosphates. The K2O—P20 —H2O system parallels the sodium system in many respects. In addition to the three simple phosphate salts obtained by successive replacement of the protons of phosphoric acid by potassium ions, the system contains a number of crystalline hydrates and double salts (Table 7). Monopotassium phosphate (MKP), known only as the anhydrous salt, is the least soluble of the potassium orthophosphates. Monopotassium phosphate has been studied extensively owing to its piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties (see Ferroelectrics). At ordinary temperatures, KH2PO4 is so far above its Curie point as to give piezoelectric effects in which the emf is proportional to the distorting force. There is virtually no hysteresis. 

Permanent set and low hysteresis properties depend on minimizing the viscous or plastic component of modulus. Because cross-linking increases elasticity, a high state of cure typically provides the best compression set and heat buildup properties. 

Fig. 1. Schematic of the hysteresis loop associated with a shape-memory alloy transformation, where M. and Afp correspond to the martensite start and finish temperatures, respectively, and and correspond to the start and finish of the reverse transformation of martensite, respectively. The physical property can be volume, length, electrical resistance, etc. On cooling the body-centered cubic (bcc) austenite (parent) transforms to an ordered B2 or E)02...

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