Propellants classification

R.L. Augsburger J.K. Lee, Hydraulic Size Classification Facility for Bali Propellants , Rept No TD-128, Olin Corp, New Haven (1974)... 

Mechanical attrition is used to remove most of the spent binder. First, dry attrition or abrasion processes crush lumps to grain size. Mechanical abrasion is then used to separate the binder from the sand grains. Sometimes, sand is pneumatically propelled against a metal target plate. The impact of the sand on the plate scrubs off the clay and resin coating from the sand grains. Fines are separated and removed by dry classification. 

One important implication of the relationship between classification and theory is that classification systems define and propel research. Classification is a necessary starting point for the vast majority of research that takes place in mental health. Studies would not be funded or published if clinical populations were not first defined on the basis of diagnostic criteria. We are emphasizing that an inadequate classification scheme is likely to create a faulty Starting point that results in considerable expense in terms of time, effort, and research dollars (not to mention the human costs in regard to delaying our ultimate understanding of these disorders). 

Aviado DM Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. X. Proposed classification. Toxicology 3 321-332, 1975... 

There are several types of propellant which may be broadly classified on the basis of their application and their physical state. Based on their applications, propellants may be classified as gun propellants or rocket and missile propellants and this classification is shown in Figure 4.1. 

Hypergolic Non-hypergolic Cryogenic Figure 4.1 Classification of propellants in terms of their applications. 

SB DB NB Composite CMDB Fuel-rich Figure 4.2 Classification of propellants based on their physical state. 

Figure 4.3 Classification of propellants based on their nature.

The shelf-life of propellants is evaluated from the stabilizer content and is defined by the period of storage (number of years) in which the stabilizer content is reduced to half of the initial value. Gun propellants of low web size <0.2 mm can burn very fast which may lead to mass detonation and accordingly gun propellants with low web size fall under UN Hazard Classification 1.1 whereas others fall under 1.3 (see Chapter 6). 

Cruice, W.J. (1981) Classification of Liquid Gun Propellants and Raw Materials for Transportation and Storage, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Report No. ARBRL-CR-00454. 

Classifying explosives by the presence of certain molecular groups does not give any information on the performance of the explosive. A far better way of classification is by performance and uses. Using this classification, explosives can be divided into three classes (i) primary explosives, (ii) secondary explosives, and (iii) propellants as shown in Figure 2.1. 

Hazard Classification of Solid Propellants , Paper presented at the Specialist Session on Rocket Motor Safety, 26th JANNAF Meeting, Washington, DC (1970) 23) Anon, Properties of... 

Size, Classification Size, Particle. See under Particle Size Measurements of Solid Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics in Vol 8, P18-R to P59-L... 

H.S. Napadensky, R. Joyce, R. Rindner D. Satriana, Development of Hazards Classification Data on Propellants and Explosives , US Army ARRADCOM, Dover (1978)... 

Two-way analysis of variance (and higher classifications) leads to the presence of interactions. If, for example, an additive A is added to a lube oil stock to improve its resistance to oxidation and another additive, B, is added to inhibit corrosion by the stock under load or stress, it is entirely possible that the performance of the lube oil in a standard ball-and-socket wear test will be different from that expected if only one additive has present. In other words, the presence of one additive may adversely or helpfully affect the action of the other additive in modifying the properties of the lube oil. The same phenomenon is clearly evident in a composite rocket propellant where the catalyst effect on burning rate of the propellant drastically depends on the influence of fine oxidizer particles. These are termed antagonistic and synergistic effects, respectively. It is important to consider the presence of such interactions in any treatment of multiply classified data. To do this, the two-way analysis of variance table is set up as shown in Table 1.24. 

Classification of Propellents Based on Exhaust Properties. Based on the exhaust properties, solid propellants can be classified as smoky, reduced smoke, minimum smoke, or minimum signature propellants. The description of these categories are listed as follows ... 

It must always be assumed that explosive fumes and propellant fumes are to some extent toxic. Excess oxygen causes the formation of nitrogen oxides, deficiency carbon monoxide, both toxic. In the United States, the following classification of toxic fume components has been accepted a 1 -1/4 by 8" cartridge in its cartridge paper is detonated in a -> Bichel Bomb, and the fume composition is gas analysed. In the following Table toxic gases means the sum CO + H2S (NO and N02 are not considered ) in ft3/lb explosive ... 

Explosives that propagate detonation are listed as Class 1.1 in international transportation regulations and are subject to strict regulations for their transportation 1 11. Rocket propellants are not considered exceptions. Concerning safe handling, safety evaluation tests are being conducted to determine the hazard classification for rocket propellants 171. ... 

The mechanical ways of foam breakdown are realised by various rotating devices (mixers, disks, centrifuges, propellers, etc.) or by employing stream of air, vapour or liquid or by running the foam through cyclones and narrow gaps [1,2]. In all these cases the liquid outflow from the foam is accelerated which creates critical deformations and stresses in films and other foam elements. A convenient classification of the mechanical means of foam breakdown and the methods designing such mechanical devices are considered in [3]. The... 

The objective of this program is to establish hazard classification procedures, as a supplement to the existing regulatory manual, for in-process materials used during the various stages of propellant and explosive manufacture. 

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