Promoter of gene

H. Bernstein, C. M. Payne, C. Bernstein, J. Schneider, S. E. Beard and C. L. Crowley, Activation of the promoters of genes associated with DNA damage, oxidative stress, ER stress and protein malfolding by the bile salt, deoxycholate, Toxicol. Lett., 1999, 108(1), 37. 

Approximately 22.5-56.2 metric t of rubber can be produced per hectare of guayule (20,000-50,000 lb/acre) (54), and researchers at Mendel Biotechnology are working to increase the rubber content of guayule without compromising rubber quality. They are identifying the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors that can activate promoters of genes in the rubber... 

In summary, this simple detection of the over-represented words in the promoters of genes responding to nitrogen depletion revealed four motifs, all corresponding to nitrogen metabolism. 

Fur is active when bound to ferrous iron in vivo, and other divalent metals confer activity on the protein in vitro [61, 62]. Thus, Fur is an intracellular iron sensor as well as a regulator. Active Fur binds to the promoter of genes under its control at a cij-acting element with a defined consensus sequence [61]. The identification of DNA sequences similar to this so-called Fur box consensus in the upstream region of a gene is often taken as presumptive evidence for its regulation by Fur. With one possible exception [63], the effect of Fur on transcription is repression, and there is no evidence for an activity for apo-Fur. 

Xyulose 5-phosphate has recently been identified as an activator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A removes phosphates from PFK-2 and from a transcription factor that binds to carbohydrate response elements in promoters of genes such as pyruvate kinase. The hydrolysis of the phosphates activates both proteins, such that xyulose 5-phosphate can regulate pathways relating to both carbohydrate and fat metabolism. 

Figure 17.2.2. PPARa mediates the rodent response to PPs. Binding sites for PPARa have been found in the promoters of genes associated with peroxisome proliferation such as acyl CoA oxidase, providing proof that PPARa can operate the switch and turn on expression of rodent genes known to be responsive. The binding site within the gene promoter is called a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPREs) and is defined by the DNA sequence TGACCT repeated once with a one letter spacer to give TGACCT n TGACCT.

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