Trajectory, Projectile

Fig. 3.61. Schematic illustration of projectile trajectories, showing focusing collisions when the projectiles impinge under a critical angle (5 c [3.150].

HCl molecules form visible white fog when water vapor is present in the atmosphere. An HCl molecule acts as a nucleus, becoming surrounded by HjO molecules, which forms a fog droplet large enough to be visible. When the combustion products of an AP composite propellant are expelled from a rocket nozzle into the atmosphere, a white smoke trail is seen as a rocket projectile trajectory whenever the relative humidity of the air is above about 40%. Furthermore, if the temperature of the atmosphere is below 0 °C (below 273 K), the HjO molecules generated among the combustion products form a white fog with the HCl molecules even if the relative humidity is less than 40 %. Thus, the amount of white fog generated by the combustion of an AP composite propellant is dependent not only on the humidity but also the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere. 

Equations (13.89) and (13.91) describe the projectile trajectories of a volcanic bomb for linear drag. 

It is emphasized that the concept defined by equation (7) introduces for the first time a dynamically curved projectile trajectory in the impact-parameter method. Thus the projectile motion is coupled to the motion of the active electron. However, since the projectile interacts with a mean electronic field, there is only approximate conservation of energy and momentum. For small projectile scattering angles this deficiency can be circumvented. In this case conservation of energy and momentum may be forced by applying the Eikonal transformation [34]. 

Fig. 4. Scheme showing typical projectile trajectories of protons and antiprotons in the field of polarized target atoms. 

Fig. 10. Mean electronic energy loss for H incident on He at 200 keV as a function of the projectile scattering angle. Closed squares with error bars experimental results from Ref. [61]. Solid line (three-body) Eikonal-AO results dashed-line (two-body) AO results for mean-field projectile trajectories.

As an example, we show in Fig. 5 the projectile population, or probability for electron capture for protons colliding with molecular hydrogen at 1 keV for the orientation (a = 0, /3 = 90 molecular bond aligned with the incoming beam) (see Ref. [18]) that corresponds to the projectile trajectory aligned along the target molecular bond and perpendicular to it. Also, for comparison to the DIM model we present the results from Kimura [28] which have been multiplied by 0.1 to show them on the same scale. 

In Fig. 11, we present a snapshot of such a movie for the case of H" " — C2H6 at 10 eV for the orientation where the C-C bond is perpendicular to the incoming projectile trajectory. The movie shows the breaking of the C-C bond and the capmre of the H by one of the methylene groups. The final channel being H" " + C2H6 — CH]t + CH4 where the final products are in an excited ro-vibrational state. This rendering provides an intuitive visualization of the chemical reactions, quite different from that of wave packets on a PES. 

A second repulsive energetic factor is due to the orbital angular momentum associated with noncentral collisions. As shown in Fig. 3.8, initial projectile trajectories can be characterized semiclassically in terms of an impact parameter b, which is the distance between a given trajectory and one that passes through the center of the target. 

Illustration of a damped (deep inelastic) collision. The projectile trajectory is shown by the heavy curve and the extension of the original Coulomb-scattering trajectory by dashed lines. During the rotation angle of the dinuclear complex, A0 = — exp/ a neck is formed between the reacting... 

In war, the ability to strike an enemy from afar is paramount If an army can project power from a distance, its soldiers can stay farther from harm s way. Artillery evolved as a means to this end, and until the beginning of the twentieth century, the role of explosive-force artillery-as field, siege, naval, or fortress guns-was largely unchanged. In World War I, additional specialized artillery was developed. Explosive propellant artillery pieces are classified according to their projectile trajectories Mortars lob objects in... 

Second, the insufficient weight contributes to a projectile trajectory which is significantly different than conventional ammunition of similar caliber, making the practice ammunition an inadequate substitute for the live round. 

---