Progestagens

Kuster M, Azevedo DA, Lopez de Alda MJ, Aquino Neto FR, Barcelo D (2009) Analysis of phytoestrogens, progestagens and estrogens in environmental waters from Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Environ Int 35(7) 997-1003... 

Other oral (drospirenone and norgestimate) and transdermal (levonorgestrel) progestagens also are available in combination with an estrogen. 

Human excretion is thought to be the principal source of estrogens and progestagens. These compounds are readily adsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin or mucous membranes, and are metabolized in the... 

Once estrogens and progestagens have reached the waterways, a series of processes, such as, photolysis, biodegradation, and sorption to bed-sediments, can contribute to their elimination from the environmental water. Given the relatively low polarity of these compounds, with octanol-water partition coefficients mostly between 103 and 105, sorption to bed-sediments appears to be a likely process. Kd values calculated for estriol, norethindrone, and progesterone in a Spanish river (479,128, and 204, respectively) as the ratio between the sediment concentration (ng kg-1) and the water concentration (ng L 1) indicate that, in fact, these compounds exhibit a general tendency to accumulate in sediments. 

Table 1 Physico-chemical Properties of selected Estrogens and Progestagens [(http //esc.syrres.com/interkow/physdemo.htm)]... 

Estrogens and Progestagens in Wastewater, Sludge, Sediments, and Soil... 

Table 4 Analytical methods described for the determination of estrogens and progestagens in environmental samples... 

Extraction of estrogens and progestagens is mostly performed by off-line SPE (on-line SPE has been reported by Lopez de Alda et al. [60]), using either disks or, more frequently, cartridges. Octadecyl (C18)-bonded silica in both cartridge [7,57] and disk [36] format, graphitized carbon black [35,58,59],Isolut... 

Progestagens Progesterone 17 a-Hydroxy-progesterone Norgestrel Norethindrone Melengestrol Medroxyprogesterone Contraceptive... 

Quinn AL, Regan JM, Tobin JM, Marinik BJ, McMahon JM, McNett DA, Sushynski CM, Crofoot SD, Jean PA, Plotzke KP (2007) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the estrogenic, androgenic, and progestagenic potential of two cyclic siloxanes. Toxicol Sci 96 145-153... 

Kuster M, Diaz-Cruz S, Rosell M et al (2010) Fate of selected pesticides, estrogens, progestagens and volatile organic compounds during artificial aquifer recharge using surface waters. Chemosphere 79 880-886... 

Martin-Hirsch PL, Jarvis G, Kitchener H, Lilford R. Progestagens for endometrial cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1999. Issue 4. 

V.a.1.1. Oral HRT preparations. For oral therapy, there is a choice between conjugated equine oestrogens purified from urine, synthetic oestro-gens such as ethinyloestradiol and tibolone, and oestradiol itself. In women with an intact uterus, the oestrogen should normally be given in conjunction with a progestagen in order to protect the endometrium from unopposed oestrogenic stimulation. 

---