Processing high-level liquid

The above information was used to develop conceptual flowsheets for the extraction of all of the actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm) from high-level liquid waste from PUREX processing using 0.4 M 0fuel using 0.8 M DHDECMP in DEB. In both flowsheets, no oxidation state of Pu is necessary since the III, IV, and VI state extract into the organic phase. 

Morita, Y., Sasaki, Y., Tachimori, S. 2001. Development of TODGA extraction process for high-level liquid waste Preliminary evaluation of actinide separation by calculation. Proc GLOBAL 2001, Paris, France, September 9-13. 

Manohar, S., Sharma, J.N., Shah, B.V., Wattal, P.K. 2007. Process development for bulk separation of trivalent actinides and lanthanides from radioactive high-level liquid waste. Nuclear Science and Engineering 156 96-102. 

Morita, Y., Yamaguchi, I., Fujiwara, T., Koizumi, H., Kubota, M. 1998. The first test of 4-group partitioning process with real high-level liquid waste at NUCEF. NUCEF 98 Symposium Working Group, November, Hitachinaka, Ibaraki, Japan. 

Madic, C., Blanc, P., Condamines, N., Baron, P., Berthon, L., Nicol, C., Pozo, C., Lecomte, M., Philippe, M., Masson, M., Hequet, C., Hudson, M.J. 1994. Actinide partitioning from high level liquid waste using the DIAMEX process. RECOD 94, April, London, UK. 

Hirano, H., Koma, K., Koyama, T. 2002. Waste minimization in actinides(IH)/ lanthanides(III) separation process from high-level liquid waste. 7th Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation, October, Jeju, Republic of Korea. 

Ozawa, M., Koma, Y., Nomura, K., Tanaka, Y. Separation of actinides and fission products in high-level liquid wastes by the improved TRUEX process. J. Alloys Compd. (1998), 271-273, 538-543. 

Chinese scientists used trialkyl phosphine oxides (TRPO) to remove long-lived radioactive nuclides from high-level liquid waste (67, 167). TRPO is the trademark of a Chinese commercial product, consisting of a mixture of several TRPO (with alkyl chains from hexyl to octyl). The TRPO process has been tested in China and at ITU in Karlsruhe (2, 168-174). 

Xuegang, L., Junfu, L., Jingming, X. 2004. Simplified Chinese TRPO Process to extract and recover transuranium elements from high-level liquid waste. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 22(2) 163-173. 

The INET annular centrifugal contactors are being used to partition high-level liquid waste so that the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle can be simplified. In particular, the TRPO process has been developed at INET for this application (Song, 2000), where TRPO is the extractant in the process solvent. Also known as Cyanex 923, TRPO is a trialkyl phosphine oxide that is made commercially by Cytec Industries (formerly American Cyanamid). It has a high affinity for the actinides. Further... 

The CTH actinide separation process was developed as a possible means to reduce the expected long term dose to man from a geologic repository containing solidified radioactive waste from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel The distribution data for the elements present in significant amounts in the high level liquid waste (HLLW) from a Purex plant, the general principles and the flowsheet have been described in detail elsewhere A... 

Kondo, Y and Kuboto, M., Precipitation Behavior of Platinum Group Metals from Simulated High Level Liquid Waste in Sequential Denitration Process, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 29(2), (1992), ppl40-l48. 

U adioactive wastes have accumulated at Hanford since 1944 when the first reactor fuel was processed for plutonium recovery. High-level liquid wastes generated by the Purex, Redox, and BiP04 processes have been stored as neutralized slurries in 151 underground storage tanks. 

This is almost certainly due to the very low defect density of the SCCO2 deposited monolayers the caustic solution has no breach to attack. Since much of the high level liquid radioactive waste in the US is held at extremely alkaline conditions, this feature might allow processing of the liquid wastes without the need to drastically modify the pH of the stream before sorption of the target ions. 

The plant possesses a duly issued license for types of activity related to processing of nuclear materials and the equipment of temporary storage facilities for medium- and high-level liquid waste, and to the handling of radioactive substances as individual units of the temporary storage facility for medium- and high-level waste are decommissioned. It holds a temporary permit from the Russian Federation State Academy of Sciences for all types of activity. 

The major problem to be solved is the separation of the minor actinides (MA), mainly americium and curium, without producing large quantities of secondary waste. At present, most of the extractants are applied in a two-step process MA are first coextracted with the rare earths from the high-level liquid waste and then MA are separated from the rare earths. One difficulty of this... 

Diatomic molecules have only one vibrational mode, but VER mechanisms are paradoxically quite complex (see examples C3.5.6.1 and C3.5.6.2). Consequently there is an enonnous variability in VER lifetimes, which may range from 56 s (liquid N2 [18]) to 1 ps (e.g. XeF in Ar [25]), and a high level of sensitivity to environment. A remarkable feature of simpler systems is spontaneous concentration and localization of vibrational energy due to anhannonicity. Collisional up-pumping processes such as... 

Cryogenic processes using turboexpanders facilitate high levels of ethylene recovery from refinery gas while producing byproducts of hydrogen- and methane-rich gas. In a cryogenic process, most of the ethylene and almost all of the heavier components are liquified and ethylene is separated from this liquid. 

The ratio of the ionic liquid to the organic phase present in the reactor also plays an important role. A too high level of ionic liquid results in much longer decantation time and causes lower dimer selectivity. To combine efficient decantation and a reasonable size for the settler in the process design, it has been proposed that the separation of the two phases be performed in two distinct settling zones arranged in parallel [38]. 

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