Processed classification

The uses of steel are too diverse to be Hsted completely or to serve as a basis of classification. Inasmuch as grades of steel are produced by more than one process, classification by method of manufacture is not advantageous. The most useful classification is by chemical composition into the large groups of carbon steels, alloy steels, and stainless steels. Within these groups are many subdivisions based on chemical composition, physical or mechanical properties, or uses. 

Besides copper passing into the solution as ions, the total concentration of the solution in respect of S04 ions (not discharged) and Cu2+ ions (copper is depositing on the cathode) remains constant. The electrolysis merely transfers copper from the anode to the cathode. With a platinum or a carbon anode, it is found that the color of the solution fades as copper is deposited, whereas with copper electrodes, the color does not change. The two situations, in fact, represent respectively the electrowinning and the electrorefining processes introduced later in the section on process classification. 

The design of electrical equipment and instrumentation is based on the nature of the process hazards or specific process classifications. The classification method is defined in the National Electrical Code it is a function of the nature and degree of the process hazards within a particular area. The rating method includes Classes I, II, and III, Groups A-G, and Divisions... 

See also Minerals recovery/processing Minerals recovery/processing, 16 595-668. See also Minerals concentration Minerals processing classification in, 16 618-622 economic aspects of, 16 606-609 environmental aspects of, 16 609—610 flow sheets in, 16 603-605 materials handling in, 16 660-663 from ocean waters, 17 695—697 ores, 16 598-603 process control in, 16 663-665 size reduction (comminution) in, 16 610-615... 

Figure 2. Schematic of advanced oxidation processes classification.

Fig. 19.11 shows that the treatment of the solidification of polymers is the most demanding undertaking. The required theoretical basis has been developed by Schneider et al. (1988) and developed further by Eder (see the above reviews). With the aid of the latter author a mathematical expression could be found for the process classification number Jk, i.e. the Janeschitz-Kriegl number, as has been called by Astarita (1987) The said mathematical expression reads... 

The APQC Process Classification Framework can be a useful tool when trying to articulate all the associated costs for the pro forma operations specs. You can download a copy at www.apqc.org/portal/apqc/site/ path=/research/pcf/ index.html. 

The types of reactions presented above can be combined with the ordinary classification of production processes in convergent, divergent, and transformation processes. Depending on the number of input and output products this process classification can be enhanced as Table 2.1 shows. 

Note on coverage This section includes reaction classes in which a new ring is formed via two bond formations, irrespective of the mechanism or redox characteristics of the process. Classifications [i.e., X+Y+Z] refer to the number of atoms that each reactant contributes to the new ring created. The reactions covered are always stepwise processes that involve discreet organometallic intermediates therefore, classifications used in pericyclic processes are not relevant here. Processes that involve nickel-based Lewis acids, although extremely useful, fall outside of the scope of reactions covered in this chapter. 

A variety of crystallizers are available for mass crystallisation from solutions on a technical scale. These offer different crystal yields and various crystal qualities (purity, grain size, grain size distribution), which depends on the design, the operating conditions and the crystallization process. Classification, based on the operating mode, gives ... 

Production Process Classification Type Diagram s main line follows the production process... 

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