Process systems with energy integration

Consider the following process Starting with a small amount of a system with concentrations Cj at T and P, we add components to the system, at constant T and P, in the proper ratio to keep the concentrations constant. We can integrate Eq. (7) for the Gibbs free-energy change for this process ... 

Design of products, processes, and systems must include integration and interconnectivity with available energy and materials flows. 

As demonstrated in Chapters 3-5, the variables of the material balance of an integrated process system can themselves exhibit a dynamic behavior with up to three time scales. As such, it is intuitive that, when considering both the energy-balance and the material-balance equations, the dynamics of integrated process systems can span several (i.e., more than three) time scales. For clarity this aspect was not directly accounted for in the theoretical analysis presented above. We utilize the following examples to illustrate the concepts developed so far, as well as to confirm this observation. 

The trade-offs among process design, optimization and control must be considered. The hierarchical or distributed nature of the plant or process may need to be exploited in an advanced control scheme. The operation of energy-integrated plants requires design of control systems which are decentralized (such as with microprocessors) but which respond to overall plant objectives via a communication link to a larger computer. 

In any chemical or electrochemical process, the application of the conservation principles (specifically to the mass, energy or momentum) provides the outline for building phenomenological mathematical models. These procedures could be made over the entire system, or they could be applied to smaller portions of the system, and later integrated from these small portions to the whole system. In the former case, they give an overall description of the process (with few details but simpler from the mathematical viewpoint) while in the later case they result in a more detailed description (more equations, and consequently more features described). 

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