Process intensification description

Both in the paper by Ramshaw and in the report from the UMIST conference, first definitions (or rather descriptions) of process intensification can be found. Ramshaw (11) describes PI as devising an exceedingly compact plant which reduces both the main plant item and the installation s costs, while according to Heggs (12) PI is concerned with order-of-magnitude reductions in process plant and equipment. In one of his subsequent papers, Ramshaw writes about typical equipment volume reduction by two or three orders of magnitude (13). 

Elaborate descriptions of process intensification will be found elsewhere in this book. Here a short description suffices, followed by an assessment on its potential to contribute to sustainable development, based on present industrial cases and general features. 

Once a thorough and systematic description of the various phenomena is in place, it is relatively straightforward to identify the limitations and intensify the process by removing them. The following thought-experiment, starting from a real-life situation, is useful to gauge the impact of process intensification. 

The model can be used for process intensification, since it provides information about the effect of temperature, concentrations, and wood chip sizes on the cooking time required. A more comprehensive treatment can be found, for example, in Refs. [35,36]. As can be seen, classical chemical engineering concepts are applicable and can be successfully adapted in cases of very complex natural materials. The main challenge of the model development is the description of the chemical system. However, it is expected that the delignification reactors of future, the digesters, will be designed on the basis of rational chemical engineering principles. 

Design criteria and performance expectations are consistent with the principles of process intensification (PI) methods. The application of this PI philosophy to numerous systems has proven its value, on both a technology and economic basis. Some insight into the virtues obtainable can be found in a description of the bottom-up approach to the formation of nanocrystals (Panagiotou and Fisher, 2008). 

The reactions are still most often carried out in batch and semi-batch reactors, which implies that time-dependent, dynamic models are required to obtain a realistic description of the process. Diffusion and reaction in porous catalyst layers play a central role. The ultimate goal of the modehng based on the principles of chemical reaction engineering is the intensification of the process by maximizing the yields and selectivities of the desired products and optimizing the conditions for mass transfer. 

The fundamental analysis of fast polymerisation processes in turbulent flows has been carried out in this chapter. Kinetic parameters of polymerisation and polymer-analogous processes become available for calculation as the decrease of diffusion limitations in polymer synthesis reactions is achieved by turbulent mixing intensification in the reaction zone. This approach also opens ways to optimise the molecular characteristics of the forming polymer products, as well as tools to control the entire process. Results of the theoretical description of the turbulent mixing process of a reaction zone in a diffuser-confusor-type reactor provide opportunities for control of fast polymerisation processes. 

Hence, the stated above results have shown, that the fractal conception of chemical reactions kinetic describes quantitatively kinetics of solid-phase imidization process at different temperatures. This description is given only within the firamewoik of reaction physical aspects and does not affect its chemical aspects. The effective initial concentration of reagents at imidization temperature growth is due to physical cause also - by reagents diffusion intensification in solid-phase state. 

Description of the structured packing with boundary layer turbulizers The usage of thermopressed plates for honeycomb packings allows to press on there walls special turtnilizers of the mass transfer boundaiy layer [148-156] for intensification of tibe h and mass transfer processes. A packing block wi such a construction is presented in Fig. 6S. 

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