Problems from industrial viewpoint

Energy was newly stipulated to promote the introduction of new types of energy. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of promoting voluntary action by industry, the industrial enviromnent vision was revised centering on measures against the climate change problem. 

In Chapter 9, we mentioned that the use of microreactors leads to a significant improvement in the control of the molecular-weight distribution in free radical polymerization by virtue of superior heat-transfer efficiency.Free-radical polymerization reactions are usually highly exothermic, so precise temperature control is essential to carry out these reactions in a highly controlled manner. Thus, from an industrial viewpoint, a major concern with free-radical polymerization is the controllability of the reaction temperature. Temperature control often arises as a serious problem during the scale-up of a bench process to industrial production. In this section, we will discuss the numbering-up of microreactors to increase production volumes in radical polymerization in industry. 

Since the publication of the last volume of Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry in 2000, there have been several books on this interesting topic, but there is a need for even more books that examine chemistry from an industrial viewpoint and business issues from a process R D perspective. It is timely therefore, that a second, completely new volume should appear with lots of innovative case studies. Although there are many examples of case studies which have appeared in the pages of the Organic Process Research and Development journal or even in the spectacular special edition of Chemical Reviews devoted to process chemistry, the book format allows the authors more leeway to teU the story, to explain the problems that occurred and how they were solved, in the same way as if they were giving a lecture. A book such as this deserves a special place on the bookshelves of all process chemists and engineers. 

The problem of losses of potassium or magnesium is largely an economic problem and together with other elements it does not pose a serious threat to the water quality in water resources from the hygienic viewpoint. The values presented in Table 3.59 yield information on the contribution of biogenous elements to water contamination which can be expected due to the infiltration of nutrients from industrial fertilizers. 

Until today, the most common process in industry to obtain enantiomerically pure products is through the resolution of racemic mixtures. However, with this process, there is a maximum 50% yield of optically pure compounds. Therefore, from practical viewpoint, DKR strategies have attracted a great interest from academia as well as from the industry because they can solve the problem of the 50% limitation in yield. Since the last decade, there has been an increasing trend toward the use of metal-free catalysts, especially in the production of pharmaceutical products. 

Many sources contain scattered information concerning cooling water system corrosion and defects, and many literature studies describe corrosion processes and mechanisms from a predominantly theoretical viewpoint. Until now, however, no source discusses cooling water system corrosion with emphasis on identification and elimination of specific problems. Much of the information in this book is unique every significant form of attack is thoroughly detailed. Color photos illustrate each failure mechanism, and case histories further describe industrial problems. 

Principal micelle characteristics. The structure of the casein micelles has attracted the attention of scientists for a considerable time. Knowledge of micelle structure is important because the stability and behaviour of the micelles are central to many dairy processing operations, e.g. cheese manufacture, stability of sterilized, sweetened-condensed and reconstituted milks and frozen products. Without knowledge of the structure and properties of the casein micelle, attempts to solve many technological problems faced by the dairy industry will be empirical and not generally applicable. From the academic viewpoint, the casein micelle presents an interesting and complex problem in protein quaternary structure. 

The case studies cover key applications in chemical process industries, from petrochemistry to polymers and biofuels. The selection of processes was confronted with the problem of availability of sufficient design and technology data. The development of the flowsheet and its integration is based on employing a systems viewpoint and systematic process synthesis techniques, amply explained over three chapters. In consequence, the solution contains elements of originality, but in each case this is compared to schemes and economic indices reported in the literature. 

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