Probabilistic reasoning

In the case of bunolecular gas-phase reactions, encounters are simply collisions between two molecules in the framework of the general collision theory of gas-phase reactions (section A3,4,5,2 ). For a random thennal distribution of positions and momenta in an ideal gas reaction, the probabilistic reasoning has an exact foundation. Flowever, as noted in the case of unimolecular reactions, in principle one must allow for deviations from this ideal behaviour and, thus, from the simple rate law, although in practice such deviations are rarely taken into account theoretically or established empirically. 

Pearl, J., Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1988. 

A third notion of causation - probabilistic causation - has also evolved over the last century. Probabilistic causation relies on probabilistic reasoning rather than on simple, deductively derived causal chains. Problems have arisen, however, because, as explained below, probabilistic reasoning serves two analytically distinct purposes in legal proceedings. 

Schum, D. A. (1994), Evidential Foundations of Probabilistic Reasoning, John Wiley Sons, New York. 

The principal constituents of soft computing the followings fuzzy logic, neural computing, evolutionary computation, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning. 

Pearl, X, 1987. Probabilistic Reasoning in IntelUgent Systems Networks of Plausible Inference. Morgan Kaufman n Publishers Inc., San Francisco. 

Pearl, J. 1988. Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems networks of plausible inference. San Mateo, CA Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 

Constructing experiments that require probabilistic reasoning and statistical analysis is, obviously, not a realistic option if we strive to replicate a professional evaluation of the effectiveness of a new pharmaceutical product, say. But it is possible, in all domains, to mimic what s done in practice with regard to data analysis and, in this way, make students sensitive to the issues the use of such methods raise. 

The dental use of antibiotics is characterized by a number of particularities. In effect, antibiotic prescription is empirical, i.e., the clinician does not know what microorganism is responsible for the infection, since pus or exudate cultures are not commonly made. Based on clinical and bacterial epidemiological data, the germs responsible for the infectious process are suspected, and treatment is decided on a presumptive basis and probabilistic reasoning [144]. 

Probabilistic Reasoning and Decision Making in Sensory-Motor Systems 375 p. 2008 [978-3-540-79006-8]... 

Vapnik, V., Structure of statistical learning theay . Computational Learning and Probabilistic Reasoning 1996, pp. 3... 

As Selber (1999) points cjut, researchers in technical communication have resisted rationalistic approaches that are blatantly system centered. Thus, despite what seems like a natural alliance in investigating the nature of deliberation, communication, and probabilistic reasoning in the context of high levels of ethical and political uncertainty, rhetorical theorists have not taken advantage of the insights and research findings of risk specialists to understand the nature of decision making in uncertain, dynamic, and hazardous environments. 

R. E. Neapolitan, Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems. Theory and Algorithm , John Wiley, New York, 1990. 

The case of a completely stretched chain can be observed in a crystalline state. In solution, none of the conformations exists beyond a negligible fraction of time to obtain information such as the size or the overall shape of a macromolecule, it is necessary to calculate the average over all possible conformations. By effecting this, one realizes that macromolecular chains do not exhibit a Euclidean shape of either sphere or rod type but behaves instead like a statistical coil. Confronted with the tiresome character of such a conformational calculation, one finds it more advantageous to use statistical mechanics and probabilistic reasoning to determine the average size of the chains. 

Provides decision-support for a wide range of problems involving uncertainty and probabilistic reasoning. 

---