Private Investors

Market failure arguments exist for government aid to some forms of research. Since the results of research are so broadly disseminated, it may be prohibitively expensive for private investors to charge the users of their discoveries. Thus the inventors are undercompensated, and underexpenditure arises unless the government provides aid. In addition, some theorists contend (and others deny) that governments are more farsighted than private firms. 

Methanol can be pumped in existing gas stations, but since the fluid is corrosive the pumps, lines, and tanks would have to be made of stainless steel. If there is a demand, the costs would likely be handled by private investors. 

Part of the apparent paradox stems from the industry s awkward position on the spectrum from publicly owned enterprise and pure private, investor-owned, and profit-driven enterprise. On the one hand, the pharmaceutical companies are structured as profit-seeking enterprises. Unlike many other profit-seeking industries, however, the research-based pharmaceutical industry cannot survive without government protection. 

Three types of ownership of Indian industry are the public sector, owned completely by the government the private sector, supported by private funds and private investors and a joint group owned both privately and by the government. Certain areas are classified as core industries in which greater emphasis is placed on achieving public ownership. 

Rad sold the company to a group of private investors, who renamed the company Digilab LLC. The group sold Digilab to Varian in... 

As a result of the financially difficult transition period, the Russian government decided to sell YUKOS S state-owned shares to private investors. Through a series of tenders and auctions held in 1995-1996, YUKOS became the first fully privatized Russian oil company. The major purchaser was a group of private investors led by YUKOS Chairman Mr. Mikhail Khodorkovsky. 

There is an inter-play between these objectives. For example, dealing only with unacceptable risks restricts the costs that are involved. This helps to enable more land to be reclaimed for new uses within limited resources available either to private investors or to public regeneration agencies. 

First, the vision for gas depends enormously on investor confidence and the supply of vast sums of financial and intellectual capital. A plethora of studies has confirmed that world gas resources are abundant, but many of those resources are not in countries that have traditionally been attractive for private investors. The capital-intensive nature of gas and the long payback periods typical of gas projects - 15 to 20 years or longer for some of the most complex projects - makes investors especially wary. Useful reserves are those where large amounts of gas combine with a political and governance system that is conducive to such projects. Where those conditions do not exist - such as in Iran and possibly in Russia - large amounts of gas will be left in the ground. 

The cost of supplying energy from a facility is determined by the operating costs plus the cost to amortize the capital investment. Thus, a knowledge of the plant investment and operating costs allows an estimate to be made of the sales price of power or products that will return an attractive profit to a private investor, or an allowable... 

Tili2SOT"I ii t Tbe financirig scheme of fertilizer plant construction poses serious problems, ki developir counr tries few private investors can afford construction of a fertilizer plant. Because the minimum investment cost of an NPK fertilizer complex or an ammonia-urea complex can amount to US 350- 500 million, the following obstacles appear ... 

The remaining debt should be covered by convenient credit facilities (e.g., suppliers credit). This credit covers only 85% of the delivery cost and must be paid in 6-8 years after the startup of the installation or grace period. An insurance premium is added to the credit cost. The rate of interest may be preferential in case a suppliers country has such an export promotion scheme. However, it is doubtful that international banks, even under supplier s credit facilities, would provide US 150-300 million to the small private investor in a developing country. In any case the... 

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