Private funding, sources

The Cochrane Collaboration s central functions are funded by royalties from its publishers, John Wiley and Sons Limited, which come from sales of subscriptions to The Cochrane Library. The individual entities of The Cochrane Collaboration are funded by a large variety of governmental, institutional and private funding sources, and are bound by organisation-wide policy limiting uses of funds from corporate sponsors (www.cochrane.org/news/ articles/2004.04.06.htm). There is a Funders Forum to help facilitate discussions between The Cochrane Collaboration and funders (www.cochranefunders. 

Some countries prohibit private medical practice. Lack of private doctors would severely constrain a competitive voucher scheme (although it might still be possible to promote competition among public sector providers). Other countries prohibit public sector providers from receiving cash, which limits the use of monetary incentives. In these cases, public providers cannot receive extra payment from outside or private funding sources, which becomes an issue if, for example, a private foundation were trying to fund the subsidies. 

There are four important sources of research support private, governmental, intramural, and corporate. These funding sources decrease in flexibility of use in that order, with corporate funding being the least flexible. 

Cleanup costs for a contaminated site can easily exceed the value of the property, even in areas with high land values. The private sector may be able to recoup its costs through sale or rental of residential projects, commercial space, or industrial facilities. Unfortunately for many public entities, investments in cleanup and redevelopment often burden already limited funding sources, and the types of projects that communities typically undertake (e.g., recreational areas, child care centers, government facilities) do not generate income to offset cleanup and redevelopment costs. 

The capital meirkets are "markets where capital funds—debt and equity—are traded. Included are private placement sources of debt and equity as well as organized markets and exchanges." JOHN DowNES Jordan Goodman, Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms 59 (3d ed. 1991). 

The funding of our innovation system is characterized by many options, from industry to government to private foundations. This variety of sources, with different emphases, creates a spectrum of opportunities—and the direction of research is never dictated solely by any one funding source. 

The wide range of funding sources for support of academic chemical research (including industry, multiple federal agencies, state initiatives, universities, and private foundations) facilitates innovative research. 

Expanded research in the new biotechnologies is moving ahead with support from many sources. Private Industry has shown a very significant interest through a number of new specialized companies as well as older established firms. Many States are putting up funds to establish biotechnology centers. 

The hydrogen and fuel cells projects are funded by a mix of public and private sources and through tax incentives. The estimated annual budget is over 30 million, which includes about 8-10 million in public funding. 

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